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1
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Historical and legal aspects of payment of payments from income from law activities on the territory of Ukraine

100%
Korinna N.
Reality of Politics
|
2021
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issue 16
50-67
EN
This article is devoted to the analysis of historical and legal aspects of payment of income from advocacy in Ukraine. A study of the history of the establishment of such an institution as the bar, the procedure for remuneration for the work of a lawyer, the formation of his income and their legal consolidation. Attention was also paid to the peculiarities of the payment of mandatory fees by bar associations (BA), the formation of the tax burden on income from advocacy. In addition, an analysis of tax legislation and legislation governing the payment of the single social contribution and other mandatory payments. Using the method of analysis and synthesis, ten stages of the formation of the bar, which directly affected the forms and types of income from advocacy and the enshrinement in law of mandatory payments for these activities and their compatibility with income. It is determined that the first stage of such formation occurred in 1917–1918, when lawyers began to receive income from their professional activities; second stage (1918–1919) – the income of a lawyer in the boards was in the form of wages; the third stage (1919–1922) – creation of legislative bases of taxation of lawyer’s activity; the fourth stage (1922–1929) – the transition of the Ukrainian Bar (UB) to collective forms of work; the fifth stage (1929–1931) – the abolition of private practice; the sixth stage (1931–1932) – the bit-share form of payment of work of lawyers is formed; the seventh stage (1932–1960) – introduction of the system of self-financing; the eighth stage (1960–1980) – change of understanding and concept of activity of lawyers; ninth stage (1980–1991) – lawyers are exempt from taxation; the tenth stage – since 1991, the formation of the legislation of independent Ukraine, different approaches to the taxation of income from advocacy, which depends on the choice of lawyers appropriate system of taxation and form of advocacy, as well as excessive tax pressure.
2
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Economic Growth and Tax Inequality in Japan: Evidence from World War I

100%
Revelant A.
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
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2014
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issue 27
131-149
EN
Tax systems are useful indicators of the economic and political conditions which concur to shape them. With respect to developing countries, an analysis of the tax burden can help to understand how the process of modernization is sustained through fiscal extraction from different social classes and productive sectors. This paper presents statistical evidence on the distribution of taxes in Japan around the time of World War I, which was a pivotal moment for both economic growth and political change. Sources indicate that government officials had a clear perception of inequality and its structural causes; the surveys examined here can therefore be considered a starting point for reform of the tax system, as discussed in the next twenty years.
3
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Berní zatížení českého venkova v první polovině 19. století a úskalí jeho studia

88%
Lhoták J.
Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)
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2017
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vol. 9
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issue 1
208-222
EN
The paper summarises the possibilities of studying the tax burden on the Czech countryside in 1780–1850. For its analysis it proposes to use the archival collection ‘Contribution Funds’, consisting of individual schedules for the planned contributions (so-called sub-repartitions), and contributory accounts recording all receipts and outlays. Due to the limited ‘sub-repartition’ for land tax only, it recommends to use the sums in the contributory accounts and to work with values for the whole estate. The most suitable comparative figures are grain prices, preserved from commodity prices that are important for the rural environment in the most comprehensive price ranges. Both series of numbers need to be subjected to source criticism (the most important for the period under review is the variability of the currencies used) and then compared with each other.
4
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Reducing the Tax Burden in Ukraine: Changing Priorities

88%
Paientko T., Oparin V.
Central European Management Journal
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2020
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vol. 28(3)
98-126
EN
Purpose: To determine the impact of changes in tax burden in Ukraine on the country’s economic freedom. Methodology: The study applies qualitative methods for historical analysis, periodization of reforms, and classification of their key priorities and influences. Quantitative methods are applied to compare tax burden (tax-to-GDP ratio) in Ukraine and OECD countries. The overall success and failure of tax reforms was measured by the index of economic freedom, including its component, the index of tax burden (fiscal freedom). The first hypothesis suggested that a reduction in tax burden positively impacted the level of economic freedom in Ukraine; the second hypothesis stated that a reduction in tax burden positively affected the fiscal freedom of Ukraine. Regressions in average tax burden and the index of economic freedom, including the index of tax burden, were built in R software. Findings: Regression analysis did not confirm the first hypothesis. The second hypothesis was confirmed. Reduced tax burden does not affect the level of economic freedom of Ukraine. This is explained by the slow progress of institutional reforms in Ukraine. The reduction of tax burden has a significant positive impact on the level of fiscal freedom. Practical Implications: The results obtained have practical relevance for the elaboration of fiscal policies in developing countries, in accordance with the country’s economic and political development priorities. Research Limitations/Implications: Future research will include a more in-depth comparative analysis of tax reforms in Ukraine, focusing on the key taxes.
5
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Employment as a macroeconomic factor that impacts tax revenues

63%
Andrejovská A., Bánociová A., Glova J.
Zeszyty Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Ekonomicznego w Zielonej Górze
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2018
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issue 8
4-14
EN
Labour market indicators, such as employment rate, unemployment rate, labour force structure, wages or amount of paid wages, are important factors that can directly impact the tax revenues and therefore are often used in relation to tax revenues estimates. However, in addition to these factors, there are also other macroeconomic indicators that are significantly involved in the amount of tax revenues. This thesis analyses the employment as a decisive macroeconomic indicator of tax revenues in EU member countries. The aim of the thesis is to confirm the significance of the labour market indicator as the decisive factor in tax revenue monitoring by using three models of regression analysis (pooling model, fixed effects model and random effects model). The analysis shows that the employment rate represents the indicator with the greatest impact on the tax revenues, where an increase of the employment rate by 1% led to an increase of tax revenues by € 11,555 million. Other important macroeconomic indicators were gross domestic product and foreign direct investments.
PL
Wskaźniki dotyczące rynku pracy, takie jak stopa zatrudnienia, stopa bezrobocia, struktura siły roboczej i płace są ważnymi czynnikami, które mogą bezpośrednio wpływać na dochody podatkowe, a zatem często są wykorzystywane do szacowania dochodów podatkowych. Oprócz tych czynników istnieją również inne wskaźniki makroekonomiczne, które znacząco wpływają na wysokość wpływów podatkowych. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje zatrudnienie jako decydujący makroekonomiczny czynnik wpływający na dochody podatkowe w krajach UE. Celem pracy jest potwierdzenie istotności rynku pracy jako decydującego czynnika w monitorowaniu dochodów podatkowych za pomocą trzech modeli analizy regresji (model łączenia, model efektów stałych i model efektów losowych). Analiza pokazuje, że wskaźnik zatrudnienia stanowi czynnik o największym wpływie na dochody podatkowe: wzrost wartości wskaźnika zatrudnienia o 1% prowadzi do wzrostu wpływów z podatków o 11 555 mln euro. Innymi ważnymi wskaźnikami makroekonomicznymi są produkt krajowy brutto i bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne.
6
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The Use of Financial Risks Insurance to Launder Financial Resources in Ukraine

63%
Klapkiv J.
Wiadomości Ubezpieczeniowe
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2015
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issue 4
125-131
EN
The article analyzes the most common use of illegal schemes of financial risks insurance in order to minimize the tax burden and the legalization of incomes. The first method of using pseudo insurance for financial security since 1230 is described in the first part. The essence of credit insurance and financial risks is clearly described in the second part. The schemes that are in the insurance of Ukraine are described in the third part. They allow withdraw the funds from the country and providing them with legal origin in European countries. There is a specific subcategory under of financial risk insurance in the insurance market, together with the classic types of insurance. However, the modern schemes of fictitious transactions which involve insurance companies, remove it allow to minimize the size of the object taxation or to conceal the real source of income.
PL
W artykule, dokonano analizy zastosowania ubezpieczeń finansowych w celu minimalizacji obciążeń podatkowych i legalizacji dochodów. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono pierwsze, użyte jeszcze w roku 1230, pseudo-ubezpieczenie którego celem było zabezpieczenie dochodu. Druga część artykułu przybliża pojęcie ubezpieczeń kredytu i ryzyk finansowych. Część trzecia pracy jest poświęcona analizie zastosowań ubezpieczeń finansowych na rynku ukraińskim, dla eksportu kapitału z Ukrainy i legalizacji w krajach europejskich. Przedstawiono także schematy fikcyjnych operacji na rynku ubezpieczeniowym, które pozwalają minimalizować wysokość podstawy opodatkowania lub ukryć rzeczywiste źródła pochodzenia środków finansowych.
7
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Mechanizmy kształtowania się szarej strefy gospodarki. Model teoretyczny

51%
Malaczewska P.
Przegląd Statystyczny
|
2016
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vol. 63
|
issue 1
33-48
EN
We present theoretical model of shadow economy. The model includes not only economic factors, such as tax burden or fines for unregistered activity, but also legal and organizational background factors, such as level of bureaucracy (corruption), quality of public sector services and institutions, or tax morale. In the proposed model shadow economy arises as a result of interactions between economic entities – government and households. The Nash Equilibrium level of shadow economy is derived and comparative statics analysis is presented.
PL
Przedstawiony zostanie model teoretyczny kształtowania się szarej strefy gospodarki. Uwzględnione w nim będą zarówno czynniki typowo ekonomiczne, takie jak obciążenia podatkowe i parapodatkowe czy wysokość kar za działalność nierejestrowaną, oraz czynniki kształtujące otoczenie prawno-organizacyjne działalności gospodarczej, takie jak poziom biurokracji (korupcji), jakość instytucji publicznych, czy moralność podatkowa społeczeństwa. W proponowanym modelu szara strefa powstaje jako wynik interakcji pomiędzy podmiotami gospodarczymi – rządem i gospodarstwami domowymi. Wyznaczony zostanie poziom szarej strefy będący równowagą Nasha, po czym przeprowadzona zostanie jego statyka porównawcza.
8
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Stawki podatkowe a wzrost gospodarczy

51%
Wojciechowska-Toruńska I.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
|
2016
|
vol. CI
337-353
PL
Przegląd literatury wskazuje, że wysokość stawek podatkowych i rodzaje podatków są ważne dla wzrostu gospodarczego i dla możliwości realizacji fiskalnej odpowiedzialności budżetowej. Głównym celem tego artykułu było przedstawienie relacji stawek podatkowych i wzrostu gospodarczego przy uwzględnieniu fiskalnej odpowiedzialności budżetowej. Skonstruowano tak zwany wskaźnik wzrostu gospodarczego (IWGi), który jest oparty na trzech podstawowych miarach wzrostu gospodarczego. Metody badawcze zastosowane w badaniu to: parametryczny opis szeregu szczegółowego, wielokryterialna metoda rankingu i unitaryzacja. W krajach o najwyższym indeksie gospodarczym zaobserwowano redukcję stawek w podatkach dochodowych o znacznej skali od 4 pp do 7,6 pp, stałe i zróżnicowane stawki VAT oraz wypełnianie reguł fiskalnych niezbędnych dla fiskalnej odpowiedzialności budżetowej.
EN
A review of the literature shows that the rate taxes and the types of taxes are important for economic growth. The article analyzes the average tax burdens in countries with different tax rates and different levels of wealth. The main objective of this article is to present the relation of tax rates and economic growth taking into account fiscal budgetary responsibility. It has been constructed so called the economic growth index (IWGi) that is based on three fundamental measures of economic growth. Research methods used in the study are: parametric description of a number of detailed, multi-criteria method of ranking and unity-based normalization. In EU countries with the highest economic growth index has been observed a reduction in the rates of income taxes on a significant scale of 4pp to 7,6pp, solid and differentiated rates of the tax on goods and services (VAT) and the fulfillment of the fiscal rules that are necessary for fiscal budgetary responsibility.
9
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Uwarunkowania i szanse dla zmian w polskim systemie podatkowym – wybrane zagadnienia

51%
Marczakowska-Proczka J.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
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2016
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vol. 50
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issue 1
EN
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of changes in Polish tax system in the years 2004–2014. The consequences of the implemented changes were analyzed from the point of view of their impact on the state budget and its impact on economic decisions of businesses and households. Taking the current state of public finances into consideration and the need for changes in the labor market, ensuring a relatively stable economic growth presents the reformers of the tax system in Poland need to find a compromise between efficiency and fairness of tax.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania była analiza skutków zmian w polskim systemie podatkowym w latach 2004–2014. Konsekwencje wprowadzonych zmian były analizowane z punktu widzenia ich wpływu na dochody budżetowe państwa oraz na decyzje gospodarcze przedsiębiorstw i gospodarstw domowych. Biorąc pod uwagę obecny stan finansów publicznych, konieczność zmian na rynku pracy i zapewnienie w miarę stabilnego wzrostu gospodarczego stawia przed reformatorami systemu podatkowego w Polsce konieczność znalezienia kompromisu miedzy efektywnością a sprawiedliwością podatkową.
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