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1
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English medium instruction: Comparing teacher beliefs in secondary and tertiary education

100%
Briggs J. G., Dearden J., Macaro E.
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
|
2018
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vol. 8
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issue 3
673-696
EN
Learning content through the medium of a second language is a form of education which is growing rapidly in both secondary and tertiary educational phases. Yet, although considerable research now exists on these phases of education viewed separately, virtually no comparisons have been made between the two phases. This study compared beliefs about English medium instruction (EMI) held by 167 secondary and tertiary EMI teachers from 27 countries. Teachers’ beliefs were elicited in four key areas: EMI teachers’ goals, EMI policy, benefits and drawbacks to students, and challenges to teachers. The findings indicate that secondary teachers felt more strongly that EMI provides students with a high quality education. More secondary than tertiary teachers reported an institutional policy on the English proficiency level required of teachers to teach through EMI, yet in neither phase was there evidence of adequate support to reach a required proficiency level. Teachers deemed EMI beneficial to advancing students’ English but felt that EMI would affect academic content, with no clear difference between the phases. Our conclusions indicate that EMI is being introduced without thorough institutional stakeholder discussion and therefore without clear policies on levels of teacher expertise. Neither is there evidence of a dialogue between phases regarding the challenges faced by EMI teachers and students.
2
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Contextual factors, methodological principles and teacher cognition

88%
Walsh R., Wyatt M.
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
|
2014
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vol. 4
|
issue 4
693-718
EN
Teachers in various contexts worldwide are sometimes unfairly criticized for not putting teaching methods developed for the well-resourced classrooms of Western countries into practice. Factors such as the teachers’ “misconceptualizations” of “imported” methods, including Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), are often blamed, though the challenges imposed by “contextual demands,” such as large class sizes, are sometimes recognised. Meanwhile, there is sometimes an assumption that in the West there is a happy congruence between policy supportive of CLT or Task-Based Language Teaching, teacher education and supervision, and curriculum design with teachers’ cognitions and their practices. Our case study of three EFL teachers at a UK adult education college is motivated by a wish to question this assumption. Findings from observational and interview data suggest the practices of two teachers were largely consistent with their methodological principles, relating to stronger and weaker forms of CLT respectively, as well as to more general educational principles, such as a concern for learners; the supportive environment seemed to help. The third teacher appeared to put “difficult” contextual factors, for example, tests, ahead of methodological principles without, however, obviously benefiting. Implications highlight the important role of teacher cognition research in challenging cultural assumptions.
3
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The role of teacher imagination in conceptualising the child as a second language learner

88%
Guz E., Tetiurka M.
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
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2013
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vol. 3
|
issue 3
419-439
EN
In order to initiate and maintain meaningful interaction in a young learner L2 classroom, an adult teacher needs to approach children in ways consistent with their developmental profile and adjust teaching methodology so as to accommodate young learners’ current skills. This requires the ability to predict the child’s possible responses to classroom events by imagining what s/he might think and how s/he might behave when presented with specific instructions. Bearing in mind that the teacher’s perception of the world is purely and completely adult in nature, in order to be effective, educators need to create a mental image or a concept of a young learner by gathering knowledge about his or her developmental characteristics and fully grasping the pedagogical implications of this knowledge. In this paper, we aim to explore the role of imagination in the conceptualisation of a child as a second language learner amongst university level pre-service teachers involved in an early primary EFL education programme. We report on qualitative research based on data obtained in the course of a two semester teacher training course of 35 BA and 30 MA students majoring in English. In the study, we focused on the working image of the child’s developmental characteristics created by the participants and their ability to employ this in their teaching. Our data show a substantial discrepancy between the participants’ theoretical conceptions concerning the business of teaching and the actual actions undertaken during lessons with young learners. Although participants were able to successfully identify the most distinctive developmental characteristics of primary-level learners, they experienced difficulty with integrating them into actual classroom practice.
4
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Content available

The role of teacher imagination in conceptualising the child as a second language learner

88%
Guz E., Tetiurka M.
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
|
2013
|
vol. 3
|
issue 3
419-439
EN
In order to initiate and maintain meaningful interaction in a young learner L2 classroom, an adult teacher needs to approach children in ways consistent with their developmental profile and adjust teaching methodology so as to accommodate young learners’ current skills. This requires the ability to predict the child’s possible responses to classroom events by imagining what s/he might think and how s/he might behave when presented with specific instructions. Bearing in mind that the teacher’s perception of the world is purely and completely adult in nature, in order to be effective, educators need to create a mental image or a concept of a young learner by gathering knowledge about his or her developmental characteristics and fully grasping the pedagogical implications of this knowledge. In this paper, we aim to explore the role of imagination in the conceptualisation of a child as a second language learner amongst university level pre-service teachers involved in an early primary EFL education programme. We report on qualitative research based on data obtained in the course of a two semester teacher training course of 35 BA and 30 MA students majoring in English. In the study, we focused on the working image of the child’s developmental characteristics created by the participants and their ability to employ this in their teaching. Our data show a substantial discrepancy between the participants’ theoretical conceptions concerning the business of teaching and the actual actions undertaken during lessons with young learners. Although participants were able to successfully identify the most distinctive developmental characteristics of primary-level learners, they experienced difficulty with integrating them into actual classroom practice.
5
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Contextual factors, methodological principles and teacher cognition

88%
Walsh R., Wyatt M.
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
|
2014
|
vol. 4
|
issue 4
693-718
EN
Teachers in various contexts worldwide are sometimes unfairly criticized for not putting teaching methods developed for the well-resourced classrooms of Western countries into practice. Factors such as the teachers’ “misconceptualizations” of “imported” methods, including Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), are often blamed, though the challenges imposed by “contextual demands,” such as large class sizes, are sometimes recognised. Meanwhile, there is sometimes an assumption that in the West there is a happy congruence between policy supportive of CLT or Task-Based Language Teaching, teacher education and supervision, and curriculum design with teachers’ cognitions and their practices. Our case study of three EFL teachers at a UK adult education college is motivated by a wish to question this assumption. Findings from observational and interview data suggest the practices of two teachers were largely consistent with their methodological principles, relating to stronger and weaker forms of CLT respectively, as well as to more general educational principles, such as a concern for learners; the supportive environment seemed to help. The third teacher appeared to put “difficult” contextual factors, for example, tests, ahead of methodological principles without, however, obviously benefiting. Implications highlight the important role of teacher cognition research in challenging cultural assumptions.
6

THE ROLE OF TEACHER KNOWLEDGE IN ESP COURSE DESIGN

75%
Górska-Poręcka B.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
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2013
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vol. 34
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issue 1
27-42
EN
English for specific purposes (ESP) has been conceptualized by its leading scholars, like Hutchinson and Waters (1987) or Dudley-Evans and St. John (1998), as a multi-stage process, where the ESP practitioner fulfils a variety of roles, including that of learner needs researcher, course designer, language instructor, learning assessor, and course evaluator. The performance of these roles requires considerable knowledge of a linguistic, socio-cultural and pedagogical nature, necessary to inform the teacher’s cognitive processes, par- ticularly those involved in course decision making. The necessary professional knowledge of the ESP teacher, which is gained through professional school- ing, teacher training, and teaching experience, comprises both relevant theo- retical concepts (knowing what) and performance skills (knowing how). It di- rectly impacts on all stages of the ESP process, namely the planning, design, teaching, assessment and evaluation of a course, largely determining its quality. The present paper focuses on ESP teacher cognition, especially those cognitions (i.e. knowledge and beliefs) that are involved in course design, informing the teacher’s choices of course parameters and instructional practices. Elaborating on the concepts developed by language cognition scholars, like Shulman (1987), Andrews (e.g. 2007), and Borg (e.g. 2006), the author tries to outline the in- ternal structure of ESP teacher cognition and describe the function of each subordinate knowledge base. The paper also presents the preliminary results of a small-scale exploratory study into the professional cognition of 13 teachers of Legal and Business English employed at the University of Warsaw.
7

A critical look at the portfolio as a tool for teacher cognition at pre-gradual level: perceptions of students

75%
Straková Z.
Journal of Language and Cultural Education
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2016
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vol. 4
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issue 3
71-85
EN
Trainees in teacher training programmes experience a variety of courses focusing on helping them to master the basic skills as future language teachers. The most important issue in the entire training is the appropriate balance between the input they receive from the trainer and the hands-on experience in which they learn through experience. One of the best hands-on activities during teacher training is indisputably teaching practice, i.e. real experience of trainees in the school context. Teaching practice offers to trainees first experience with teaching English lessons with holding responsibility for planning, carrying out the lessons as well as learning from this experience, maintaining a good rapport with students and many other aspects. Since trainees work in the external setting without the presence of their Methodology course trainers, it is often a custom to ask trainees to keep a portfolio with lesson plans or material they used during teaching as well as some reflections on the first teaching experience, so that the trainers could create a picture of how their trainees succeeded “out there”. Such a portfolio serves as a useful tool not only for the trainee since the portfolio offers a record of how they managed to carry out specific duty at a specific time; portfolio of this type can provide the trainer with a plastic picture of how trainee managed to apply what they had learned in their Methodology courses. There are many elements which can be included in the teaching practice portfolio such as lesson plans, reflections, various case studies, textbook evaluations, sample teaching aids prepared by the trainee, etc. However, the biggest benefit that portfolio provides the trainee with is the reflection itself – thinking about how successfully something has been mastered and thinking about how things could be done better. EPOSTL (European Portfolio for Student Teachers of Languages) where trainees focus on self-evaluation of their own teaching skills is one of the tools that can help to focus the trainee on specific skill the teacher needs to master. This article tries to answer the question whether trainees are aware of the beneficial effects of such reflection, whether they perceive a tool like the EPOSTL as something that can help them to develop or they consider it rather a duty to be carried out as a part of training. Based on the experience with a group of trainees who used EPOSTL during their teaching practice this case study analyses possible strengths and weaknesses of including such a complex material as EPOSTL in pre-service teacher training.
8
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Teacher (Indirect) Cognition of Students at a Younger School Age. Summary of Research Findings

71%
Skibska J.
Konteksty Pedagogiczne
|
2020
|
vol. 2
|
issue 15
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony nauczycielskiemu poznaniu uczniów w młodszym wieku szkolnym. Odnosi się do poznania pośredniego, które można ulokować między poznaniem naukowym a klinicznym. Charakteryzuje stadia nauczycielskiego poznania od poznania wstępnego przez poznanie objawowe i przyczynowe po syntetyczne. Przedstawia czynniki utrudniające nauczycielskie poznanie. Artykuł prezentuje ponadto wyniki badań przeprowadzonych wśród grupy nauczycieli i uczniów edukacji wczesnoszkolnej. Badania odnoszą się do nauczycielskiego poznania w kilku obszarach: stosunku uczniów do nauki, ich udziału w lekcjach, zdolności percepcyjnych indywidualnych i na tle klasy, postawy uczniów wobec zadań oraz zachowań społecznych. Obraz nauczycielskiego poznania wyłaniający się z przeprowadzonych analiz świadczy o dużej zgodności nauczycielskich ocen w sto-sunku do uczniów bardzo dobrych oraz dużej niezgodności ocen w odniesieniu do uczniów z trudnościami w uczeniu się oraz ze specjalnymi potrzebami edukacyjnymi. Takie zróżnicowanie może świadczyć o braku czasowej i merytorycznej modyfikacji „pierwszych danych” oraz braku stadialności nauczycielskiego poznania – jego zatrzymaniu na etapie poznania objawowego oraz „etykietowaniu” uczniów.
EN
The article is devoted to teacher cognition of students at a younger school age. It refers to indirect cognition, which can be located between scientific and clinical cognition. It is characterized by the stages from initial cognition through symptomatic and causal cognition to the synthetic one. It also presents the factors that hamper teachers’ cognition. The article likewise presents the results of research conducted among a group of early childhood education teachers and their students. The research refers to teacher cognition in several areas: students’ attitude to learning, their participation in lessons, individual perception skills, perception skills in relation to the peer group, as well as students’ attitudes towards tasks, and their social behaviour. The image of teacher cognition that emerges from the conducted analyses indicates high compatibility of assessment results in relation to very good students, and high incompatibility of assessment results in relation to students with learning difficulties and special educational needs. Such a diversity may indicate the absence of temporary and substantial modification of the preliminary data and the lack of progression of teacher cognition – its blockage at the stage of symptomatic cognition, and “labelling” of students.
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