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EN
“How Beckett’s Man Was Born from Keaton, or an Absurdist Book of Genesis” is an attempt to find the origins of Beckettian characters in cinematic tradition. The choice of Buster Keaton is intentional, as it was him – proud and headstrong and not the overly sentimental Chaplin – who introduced the sphere of the essence of existence (stemming from the antic tragedy) into the world of slapstick (a part of low culture). Keaton – the deadpan comedian from his serious comedies and Samuel Beckett – the creator of the theatre where lack of action forms the bulk of the action both entered the field of eschatological reflections while contradicting the form they both had been using. Experimenting with Time as a matter in the work they achieved a narrative breakthrough – Beckett by stretching it to the unbearable, never-ending “here and now”, Keaton by shrinking it, so that the hero could never keep up with the events or the viewer’s perception. All in the name of absurd, the sense of which both Beckett and Keaton shared to a surprising extent.
PL
How Beckett’s Man Was Born from Keaton, or an Absurdist Book of Genesis “How Beckett’s Man Was Born from Keaton, or an Absurdist Book of Genesis” is an attempt to find the origins of Beckettian characters in cinematic tradition. The choice of Buster Keaton is intentional, as it was him – proud and headstrong and not the overly sentimental Chaplin – who introduced the sphere of the essence of existence (stemming from the antic tragedy) into the world of slapstick (a part of low culture). Keaton – the deadpan comedian from his serious comedies and Samuel Beckett – the creator of the theatre where lack of action forms the bulk of the action both entered the field of eschatological reflections while contradicting the form they both had been using. Experimenting with Time as a matter in the work they achieved a narrative breakthrough – Beckett by stretching it to the unbearable, never-ending “here and now”, Keaton by shrinking it, so that the hero could never keep up with the events or the viewer’s perception. All in the name of absurd, the sense of which both Beckett and Keaton shared to a surprising extent.
RU
The aim of the article is the presentation of some interesting and stimulating questions connected with the problem of eschatological codes in the Theatre of the Absurd. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the topos of Death in the Theatre of the Absurd. Because the subject has been underexplored so far, the author tries to triangulate the Theatre of the Absurd within the genre of drama first, and then moves on to the short reflection on chosen plays of Beckett and Ionesco, concentrating on the role that eschatological elements, funereal objects and eschatons play in them. The starting point of this paper could be called “eschatology of the Absurd” or “immortality deconstructed”. Meaninglessness, as the value of absolute meaning, the meaning (Sinn) and significance (Bedeutung) of Death in the Theatre of the Absurd, is also discussed. As a method of research, he proposes a short “collective phenomenological analysis”. To analyse the issue from a broad perspective, the author takes into account the relationships between the writers and their times, and refers to cultural sources, specifically the Paradox of Death in the Theatre –particularly in the Theatre of the Absurd.
PL
W literaturze świeckiej adresowanej do dorosłego odbiorcy dziecko nie funkcjonuje jako samodzielny symbol utrwalony tradycją literacką. Niemniej w pewnych tekstach nabiera ono głęboko symbolicznego sensu. Przekonujących przykładów dostarcza XX‑wieczna francuska literatura absurdu, w której staje się ono symbolem na płaszczyźnie estetycznej i biograficznej. Twórcą pojęcia absurdu jest Albert Camus, a rozwinęli je dramaturdzy lat 50. W powieściach i dramatach Camusa oraz w anty‑sztukach Ioneski dziecko występuje jako element fundamentalnych antynomii życia i śmierci, wiedzy i wiary, bytu i poznania, logiki i spontaniczności. Symbolizuje anty‑absurd, a ulegając bezdusznym siłom stawia dramatyczne pytania o możliwość ocalenia człowieka. Ów obraz systematycznie powracający w twórczości wymienionych pisarzy tworzy, według zasady psychokrytyki Maurona, zindywidualizowaną sieć metaforyczną odzwierciedlając ich podświadomość. Ta zaś, w przypadku Camusa i Ioneski, wyraża bunt wobec oficjalnie wyznawanej filozofii absurdu, ujawnia tęsknotę za światem wartości, za wiarą i Absolutem. Jeśli zestawić pełne napięć i tragizmu obrazy literackie z biografiami pisarzy okaże się, że mają one źródło w doświadczeniach z dzieciństwa. Camus, półsierota wojenny, wychował się w Algierii, w środowisku zubożałych kolonów. Zaznał biedy materialnej, a jednocześnie przesiąkł śródziemnomorską filozofią kultu dla życia i piękna natury skażonego świadomością śmierci, która zrodziła w nim bunt. Ionesco przedstawia kryzys małżeństwa, rodziny, języka i całkowitą niezdolność ludzi do porozumienia się. Tragiczny obraz podyktowany jest traumatyczną historią XX w. oraz osobistym doświadczeniem. Wyrwany z ojczystej Rumunii i porzucony przez ojca tworzy pełne pesymizmu obrazy literackie. Dziecko w literaturze absurdu każe zadawać pytania o jego sens; odpowiedzi na nie podważają fundamenty tej filozofii, stąd jako symbol sensu, spełniania, wiary pełni ono funkcję konia trojańskiego.
XX
In most rhetoric dictionaries, the child, apart from the Infant Jesus, is not considered as an autonomous symbol. The fiction authors addressing adult readers seldom present the child’s image. However, a 20th century branch of French literature, precisely the absurd school, makes the child one of its important metaphors revealing a deeper sense of the texts. Albert Camus, who initiated the philosophy of absurd in the 1940s, as well as Eugène Ionesco who promoted the theatre of absurd, evoke the child as the symbol of sense, faith and hope. What is more interesting, the child’s meaning is not strictly limited to the text, but also reveals some details about the inner self of the authors called “hidden personality”. To unveil it, one should apply the psychocritics, a literary analysis method proposed by a famous French critic and thinker Charles Mauron. The child in the world of absurd becomes a symbol of some past experiences as well as of secret wishes and unspoken expectations. Sometimes the authors themselves are not aware of their inner needs, as they are the part of the subconscious discussed in detail by Freud. In this context, the child as a symbol becomes a real Trojan horse, and shakes its fundaments by posing the essential questions about the principles of absurd.
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