The beginnings of a stable system of technical troops in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth date back to the second half of the 18th century, and the key role in this process was played by the artillery general Alois Friedrich von Brühl. The first specialist technical schools were established in Warsaw and Vilnius. General Brühl gathered a team of eminent specialists, thus guaranteeing the highest professional standard of the future graduates. The Aim of the Article is to present attempts at introducing specialist military education in Vilnius in the last years of the 18th century.
The article highlights the preconditions for the development of vocational education in the region of Podolia in the 19th and early 20th century. The analysis of the basic regulatory framework for lower vocational education has been made and the content of the professional schools of various types has been highlighted. It has been found out that in the second half of the 19th century and in the early 20th century, due to the efforts of government agencies and local governments, a network of vocational schools was created. Basing their actions on local needs, they paid special attention to the problem of preparing people to work in such professional fields as: craftwork, handicraft industry, agriculture, education, medical practice and railway. However, the development was hampered by the lack of professional preparation among many children, including core primary education, proper legislation, scientific approach to the development of methods and content of education. All professional educational establishments, such as public schools, were under the responsibility of many departments which could not come to an agreement regarding such important issues as securing the region with well-qualified teaching personnel.
PL
Artykuł naświetla warunki dla rozwoju szkolnictwa zawodowego na terenie Podola w XIX i na początku XX wieku. Dokonano analizy podstawowych ram regulacyjnych niższej edukacji zawodowej oraz naświetlono programy szkół zawodowych różnego typu. Ustalono, że w drugiej połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku powstała sieć szkół zawodowych w wyniku działań agencji rządowych i samorządów. Uwzględniając lokalne potrzeby, zwrócili oni szczególną uwagę na problemy ze szkoleniem specjalistów dla rzemiosła, przemysłu rzemieślniczego, rolnictwa, edukacji, medycyny i kolejnictwa. Jednak rozwój był hamowany przez brak: przygotowania zawodowego w wielu uniwersalnych dziecięcych szkołach podstawowych, właściwego prawodawstwa, naukowego podejścia do rozwoju metod i treści kształcenia. Wszystkie placówki edukacji zawodowej, jak szkoły publiczne, były w gestii wielu wydziałów/resortów(?), które nie mogły dojść do porozumienia w tak ważnych kwestiach jak szkolenia wykwalifikowanych pracowników w regionie.
The article discusses higher education in engineering and technology of the second generation of the Polish Great Emigration in France. It begins with an overview of the network of grandes écoles functioning in the second half of the 19th century, admission and study rules, and the position of these schools within the entire system of higher education. Then it presents the biographies of outstanding graduates of the Polish émigré school at Batignolles, who managed to enrol at the government schools in question. Selected, little-known careers of émigré students are shown as part of the upward mobility trend within the whole generation. The author also tackles the problem of preserving Polish national identity in the context of France’s cultural elite.
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