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Temperance and prudence as virtues of an effective altruist

100%
Synowiec J.
Logos i Ethos
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2020
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vol. 54
73-93
EN
The aim of the paper is to analyze the importance of two virtues: temperance and prudence for genesis of the Effective Altruism and practice of life of effective altruists, on the basis of philosophical works of two main representatives of the idea and movement: Peter Singer and William MacAskill. In the first part of the paper genesis of the movement and its basic assumptions are presented. Then, the paper focuses on the role of temperance and prudence in both theoretical refl ection on effective altruism and practice of life of people identifying themselves with the movement, with reference to Aristotle’s understanding of the virtues. It is argued, that these virtues are crucial in the practice of life of an effective altruist. In the last part the paper focuses on the idea that Effective Altruism is in a sense an alternative to consumerism and can play a role in bringing mentioned virtues back into public life.
2
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Tragic Victims of Mania a Potu (“Madness from Drink”): A Study of Literary Nineteenth-Century Female Drunkards

88%
Rabinovich I.
Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture
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2021
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issue 11
299-318
EN
Temperance literature, though widely popular in America and Britain between 1830–80, lost its allure in the decades that followed. In spite of its didactic and moralistic nature, the public eagerly consumed temperance novels, thus reciprocating contemporaneous writers’ efforts to promote social ideals and mend social ills. The main aim of this paper is to redress the critical neglect that the temperance prose written by women about women has endured by looking at three literary works-two novellas and one confessional novelette-written by mid-nineteenth-century American female writers. These works serve as a prism through which the authors present generally “tabooed” afflictions such as inebriation among high-class women and society’s role in perpetuating such behaviors. The essay examines the conflicting forces underlying such representations and offers an inquiry into the restrictive and hostile social climate in mid-nineteenth-century America and the lack of medical attention given to alcohol addicts as the possible causes that might have prompted women’s dangerous behaviors, including inebriation. This paper also demonstrates the cautious approach that nineteenth-century female writers had to take when dealing with prevalent social ills, such as bigotry, hypocrisy and disdain directed at female drunkards. It shows how these writers, often sneered at or belittled by critics and editors, had to maneuver very carefully between the contending forces of openly critiquing social mores, on the one hand, and not being censored, on the other.
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Sport: the Treasure of Temperance

88%
Pisk J.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
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2011
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vol. 51
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issue 1
53-61
EN
The modern lifestyle, with its emphasis on enjoyment and immoderation, could lead a human being to the point where he is not a master of himself anymore. Inner desires and outer pressures force a man to take those actions that are not in accordance with his rational human nature and that are not good for him. According to the classical philosophical view of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, this clearly shows the inner slavery of modern man. Temperance, moderation or asceticism today seem old fashioned and unnecessary virtues; nevertheless, it is obvious that many problems of modern societies have roots in the absence of these virtues. These problems include a high percentage of obese population, different addictions and other health problems concerning the immoderate life style. It seems that nowadays enjoyment is the highest imperative for the individual and for society as a whole. However, these days it is possible to recognize the revival of these virtues. This paper points out the case of sport where these virtues are still cultivated and highly appreciated. At first this may seem somehow strange, because many times sport is perceived as connected with pleasure, fun and excess, but in reality sport demands much of participants. It could be even said that professional athletes are modern ascetics, and a big part of recreational sport is all but not enjoyment. In conclusion we can assert that virtues acquired in the field of sport can indeed help a human being to live a better life in general.
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Rapporto tra continenza e matrimonio in s. Girolamo

75%
Mirri L.
Vox Patrum
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1999
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vol. 36
303-322
PL
Artykuł bogaty w najnowszą literaturę przedmiotu składa się z dwóch zasadniczych części: w pierwszej przedstawiony jest stosunek św. Hieronima do małżeństwa i dziewictwa, które Strydończyk zgodnie z ówczesną tradycją wychwala i stawia wyżej od pierwszego (to jedynie dopuszcza ze względu na prokreację i pomnażanie liczby dziewic), w drugiej zaś omówiony jest rzadko poruszany przez współczesnych badaczy status wczesnochrześcijańskich wdów i ich działalności, oraz problem niechętnie widzianego w starożytności chrześcijańskiej powtórnego małżeństwa.
5
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Oblicza umiarkowania. Cnota skromności w aretologii Tomasza z Akwinu

63%
Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2022
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issue 11
147-158
EN
The paper presents an analysis of Thomas’ thought on the virtue of modesty and shows its relation to temperance and nobility. The matter of modesty is of lesser importance in the ethics of Thomas Aquinas. The virtue of modesty is subordinated to the virtue of temperance and its role is to help us shape our external steps and actions in order. When speaking of modesty Thomas willingly turns to the views of Cicero and Andronicus. In the Summa, in its parts dedicated to temperance, Aquinas analyses all kinds of modesty. Important among them is humility, which directly pertains to temperance. Its subject is to regulate our desire to be exceptional. Hence, humility gives us ability to proper self-esteem. All other virtues, which are kinds of modesty, regulate: our longing to knowledge, attitude toward neighbours, ways of spending our leisure time, ways of dressing up. Thomas points out in his texts that the process of achieving the virtue of modesty is not a complicated task, because its object does not cause any particular difficulties. Not as in the case of moderation, which needs auxiliary virtues in order to restraint our strong natural craving.
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Umiarkowana pochwała klasycyzmu

63%
Nowak W.
Logos i Ethos
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2017
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vol. 45
EN
The paper considers the notion of temperance, which is said to be one of the main virtues. Firstly, the multi­‑aspectual character of temperance is emphasized. Temperance may be considered, among others, from philosophical, psychological, aesthetical point of view. Next, different definitions of temperance are referred to and various forms and types of temperance are presented. Finally, the author emphasizes the relation between classicism and temperance in opposition to romantic conception of life and world.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony relacji między pięknem i umiarem w estetyce klasycyzmu i romantyzmu. Dobierając przykłady, staram się pokazać, że umiar był kluczowym pojęciem estetyki klasycznej, a także sztuki życia w dobie antyku. W drugiej części artykułu traktuję klasycyzm i romantyzm jako paradygmatyczne postawy życiowe i staram się ocenić ich przydatność w warunkach życia współczesnego.Słowa klucze
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The Vices against the Virtue of Temperance among the Atyap Cultural Heritage of Africa: A Philosophical Approach

51%
Abui A. A.
Roczniki Kulturoznawcze
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2019
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vol. 10
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issue 4
161-177
PL
W dyskursie moralnym cnoty wciąż zajmują centralne miejsce. Dzieje się tak, ponieważ dyskusje o moralności obracają się wokół pojęć cnoty i wady. Bierze się za pewnik, że wynikiem cnót są czyny dobre moralnie, natomiast wady prowadzą do czynów złych, powszechnie potępianych. Etycy cnót opierają swoje argumenty na założeniu, że czyny ludzkie są bezpośrednio połączone bądź to z cnotą, bądź z wadą. Każdej cnocie odpowiada nadmiar lub deficyt, którego przekroczenie wiąże się z przeciwną jej moralną dyspozycją, nazywaną wadą. W takim wypadku, powinna istnieć jakaś ustalona miara, na której podstawie rozróżniamy między cnotą a wadą. Jakie kryteria obowiązują w przypadku ustalania takiej miary? Co więcej, istnieje tradycyjny podział cnót na kardynalne i poboczne: jakie dokładnie cechy moralne winna mieć cnota, by być określona jako kardynalna? W artykule autor podejmuje próbę analizy jednej z tak zwanych cnót kardynalnych, mianowicie umiarkowania. Szczególny nacisk został położony na pojęciach wstydu i honoru, rozumianych w duchu dziedzictwa kulturowego szczepu Atyap. Celem autora jest znalezienie tych cech, które odpowiadają za ustanowienie umiarkowania cnotą kardynalną oraz podjęcie próby wyznaczenia miary, która odpowiada za wady związane z pojęciem umiarkowania.
EN
The place of virtues in moral discussions continues to occupy a central position. This is because moral arguments revolve around virtues and vices. It is taken for granted that virtues produce commendable good moral actions, whereas vices lead to immoral actions that are widely condemned. Virtue ethicists ground their arguments on the assumption that human actions are directly linked to either virtues or vices. But then, to each of the virtues, there exists a degree of excess or deficit, above or below which we begin to speak of counter habitual predispositions, called vices. If this is so, then there should be a way of ascertaining the measure on the basis of which we distinguish between a virtue and its vice. How do we justify the criteria for arriving at such a measure? More so, there is a traditional classification of virtues into cardinal and peripheral virtues: what exact moral features could a virtue exemplify in order to be classified as a cardinal rather than a peripheral virtue? In this article, the Author attempts the analysis of one of the so-called cardinal virtues, precisely that of temperance. He tries to highlight the concept of shame verses honour as viewed and practiced among the atyap cultural heritage in Africa. The goal is modest, namely: to highlight those moral features which justify the classification of temperance as a cardinal virtue and to account for the standard or measure which account for the distinguishing of the vices associated with temperance.
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Umiarkowanie i roztropność Symeona, władcy bułgarskiego w listach Mikołaja Mistyka, patriarchy Konstantynopola. Kilka uwag

51%
Leszka M. J.
Vox Patrum
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2022
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vol. 84
93-104
EN
Between 912–927, Nicholas Mystikos, Patriarch of Constantinople maintained a correspondence with Simeon, ruler of Bulgaria. The goal of Nicholas’ correspondence was to persuade Simeon to end hostilities and make peace with Byzantium. For this purpose, he employed various methods and resorted to a variety of arguments. Appeals to temperance and prudence were clearly means of influencing Simeon to abandon military action and take steps that would bring peace. It seems that for Nicholas Mystikos, the primary criterion for recognizing Simeon as a temperate and prudent man were his actions in the political sphere and whether they were aligned with Byzantine interests.
PL
W latach 912-927 Mikołaj Mistyk, patriarcha Konstantynopola prowadził korespondencję z Symeonem, władca Bułgarii. Jej celem było nakłonienie Symeona do zakończenia działań wojennych i zawarcia pokoju z Bizancjum. By ten cel osiągnąć Mikołaj Mistyk imał się różnych metod i sięgał po różnorodne argumenty. Odwoływanie się patriarchy do umiaru i roztropności było jednym z środków wpłynięcia na  Symeona, by ten zaniechał działań militarnych, a podjął takie, które doprowadziłyby do zawarcia pokoju. Dla Mikołaja Mistyka podstawowym kryterium uznania Symeona za człowieka kierującego się w swoim życiu m.in. cnotami umiarkowania i roztropności było to, czy jego działania w sferze politycznej były zgodne z bizantyńskimi interesami.
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Umiarkowanie i jego modele

51%
Trzcieniecka-Schneider I.
Logos i Ethos
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2017
|
vol. 45
EN
Temperance is one of the four cardinal virtues which were first formulated by Plato. Today the notion of temperance has a central position in many ethical systems, especially in ecophilosophy (environmental philosophy). Temperance, involwing balance and moderation, may give resolution to many contemporary human problems. The attempt of analysis of this concept with simple formal means can make clear some hidden assumptions and the structure of the concept of temperance. The analised concept includes both – a decision (a choice) and an action/behaviour as an effect of the decision. First model is based on Aristotle’s theory of golden mean presented in his Nicomachean Ethics. The attempt of reconstruction Aristotle’s idea using mathematical notion of weighted mean shows that the concept of temperance is strongly restricted to the cultural background. Therefore in extremal cases the universal concept of temperance may not exist.Second model given by Epicurus is based on the notion of consequence. It concerns pleasure and pain only, but temperance is just recommended in using pleasures. The set of temperant decisions is built recurently. A – the set of pleasure – is modified step by step by consequence CR(A) where R – set of rules – includes modus ponens, law of identity and some simple laws of everyday provenience. U is the set of temperant choices in Epicurean sense iff  ∀p ∈ P, ~(p ∈ CR (U)) where P – set of pain.
PL
Umiarkowanie jest jedną z czterech cnót kardynalnych, pierwotnie podanych przez Platona. Obecnie pojęcie umiarkowania zajmuje kluczową pozycję w wielu systemach etycznych, w tym w ekofilozofii. Umiarkowanie zakłada zachowanie właściwej równowagi, potrzebnej przy dokonywaniu wyborów życiowych. Próba analizy tego pojęcia przy pomocy prostych środków formalnych pozwala ujawnić ukryte założenia, a także jego strukturę. W pojęciu umiarkowania mieści się zarówno decyzja (wybór), jak i działanie bądź zachowanie jako efekt podjętej decyzji. Pierwszy model oparty jest na koncepcji Arystotelesa i jego „złotego środka” zawartej w Etyce nikomachejskiej. Próba rekonstrukcji koncepcji Arystotelesa pokazuje, że pojęcie umiarkowania w tym ujęciu jest silnie zrelatywizowane do kręgu kulturowego i, co wydaje się zaskakujące, w skrajnych przypadkach jego określenie może okazać się niemożliwe.Drugi model, podany przez Epikura, jest oparty na pojęciu konsekwencji logicznej. Wprawdzie dotyczy jedynie przyjemności i przykrości, ale umiarkowanie najczęściej zalecane jest właśnie w odniesieniu do rzeczy przyjemnych. Zbiór decyzji umiarkowanych jest budowany rekurencyjnie. A – zbiór przyjemności – jest modyfikowany krok po kroku poprzez konsekwencje CR(A), gdzie R jest zbiorem reguł zawierającym prócz reguły modus ponens oraz reguły tożsamości proste, najczęściej nieformalne, reguły działania/wyboru pochodzące z codziennego doświadczenia. Zbiór U jest zbiorem wyborów umiarkowanych w sensie Epikura wtedy i tylko wtedy, gdy dla dowolnego p należącego do zbioru przykrości, p nie należy do zbioru konsekwencji ∀p ∈ P, ~(p ∈ CR(U)).
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Owoce Ducha Świętego w Ga 5,22-23

45%
Kern K.
Scriptura Sacra
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2012
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issue 16
35-46
IT
L’autore dell’articolo prende di mira i frutti dello Spirito analizzandole come virtù presentate da Paolo nella lettera ai Galati. Dopo le analisi iniziali, riguardanti la terminologia, contesto e il numero delle virtù, si nota la presenza di una antitesi tra il corpo (sarks) e lo Spirito (pneuma), però percepita in modo semitico. Nel punto centrale vengono sviluppati ed approfonditi i singoli frutti dello Spirito. Si tratta delle singoli analisi – piuttosto esegetici – di seguenti termini: amore, gioia, pace, longanimità, bontà, benevolenza, fiducia, mitezza, padronanza di sé. La conclusione è l’unica, cioè le virtù costituenti il catalogo apparso in Ga 5,22-23 compongono un solo frutto dello Spirito che si riferisce immediatamente allo Spirito Santo.
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