Search results

1

Zeit und Tempus

100%

Wieczerniak W.

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

|

2012

|

issue 36

51-60

EN

The aim of this article is to present the phenomena of time and tense which are strictly connected with each other and in some European languages are used synonymously. However, the German language makes a clear distinction between them. The lack of accordance between a tense’s name and its function often results in the fact that one tense expresses not only the present, but also the past or even the future, like the German tense Präsens. Lexical figures articulating temporal relations and Modalfaktor indicating the likeliness of a sentence’s content should be taken into consideration by temporal interpretation of a statement.

2

Tenses, Dates and Times*

80%

Korta K., Ponte M.

Research in Language

|

2014

|

vol. 12

|

issue 4

301-317

EN

This paper presents a theory of utterance content that is neutral with respect to some of the key issues in the debate about the proper semantics of tense. Elaborating on some ideas from Korta & Perry (2011), we defend a proposal according to which utterances of both temporally specific and temporally unspecific sentences have a systematic variety of contents, from utterance-bound to incremental or referential. This analysis will shed some light on the contribution of tense to what is said by an utterance.

3

Czas w encyklikach Jana Pawła II

80%

GAJEWSKA U.

Stylistyka

|

2007

|

vol. 16

405-413

PL

The article contains the description of temporal relations in encyclicals of John Paul II. Encyclical is an official letter of pope to his church, which main functions are: propaga- tion, elucidation and interpretation basie truths of faith in doctrinal (theological, morał and social) context.As a genre encyclical is on stylistic boundary. It is an apostolic letter, sermon, and from the other point of view scientific tract conceming on theological and morał aspeets.Genre features of encyclicals, transcendental shape of reality described in these texts, character of religious truths (etemal, universal, and forever topical) have influence on temporal relations in analyzed materials.In encyclicals dominates present tense, not in current meaning - but in omnitemporal meaning.Past and futurę tenses play a secondary part, they assist present tense.In encyclical language exists particular all-transitoriness, permanent present, and con- tinuity of current events.

4

Development of Aspect and Tense in Semitic Languages: Typological Considerations

80%

Bubenik V.

Lingua Posnaniensis

|

2011

|

vol. 53

|

issue 2

7-23

EN

A survey of pertinent literature reveals that many studies of aspect in Semitic languages do not pay a due attention to the crucial theoretical distinction of perfect and perfectivity. In this paper I will adopt the ‘chronogenetic' model of the morphosyntactic development of tense and aspect tested for the Indo-European languages (Hewson & Bubenik 1997) that allows five major aspectual categories to be distinguished (prospective, inceptive, imperfective, perfective, perfect) within ‘Event Time’. I will argue that the appearance in Arabic of the analytic double-finite perfect (of the type kun-tu katab-tu ‘I had written’) was the most significant innovation during the New Stage not to be found in the other Central Semitic languages. During the Middle Stage in Mishnaic Hebrew and Middle Aramaic the canonical progressive aspect was paradigmatized while Classical Arabic created its double-finite counterpart (kān-a ya-ktub-u ‘he was writing’). The significance of this approach to the study of the universals of tense and aspect will be evaluated.

5

Le plus-que-parfait - expression d'antériorité et/ ou d'accompli? Essai d'analyse contrastive

80%

Wydro B.

Lingua Posnaniensis

|

2010

|

vol. 52

|

issue 1

113-122

6

Tenses, Dates and Times

80%

Korta K., Ponte M.

Research in Language

|

2014

|

vol. 12

|

issue 4

301-317

EN

This paper presents a theory of utterance content that is neutral with respect to some of the key issues in the debate about the proper semantics of tense. Elaborating on some ideas from Korta & Perry (2011), we defend a proposal according to which utterances of both temporally specific and temporally unspecific sentences have a systematic variety of contents, from utterance-bound to incremental or referential. This analysis will shed some light on the contribution of tense to what is said by an utterance.

7

Teaching English tense and aspect with the help of cognitive grammar: An empirical study.

70%

Pawlak M., Bielak J.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

|

2011

|

vol. 1

|

issue 3

365-400

EN

Form-focused instruction is usually based on traditional practical/pedagogical grammar descriptions of grammatical features. The comparison of such traditional accounts with cognitive grammar (CG) descriptions seems to favor CG as a basis of pedagogical rules. This is due to the insistence of CG on the meaningfulness of grammar and its detailed analyses of the meanings of particular grammatical features. The differences between traditional and CG rules/descriptions are exemplified by juxtaposing the two kinds of principles concerning the use of the present simple and present progressive to refer to situations happening or existing at speech time. The descriptions provided the bases for the instructional treatment in a quasi-experimental study exploring the effectiveness of using CG descriptions of the two tenses, and of their interplay with stative (imperfective) and dynamic (perfective) verbs, and comparing this effectiveness with the value of grammar teaching relying on traditional accounts found in standard pedagogical grammars. The study involved 50 participants divided into three groups, with one of them constituting the control group and the other two being experimental ones. One of the latter received treatment based on CG descriptions and the other on traditional accounts. CG-based instruction was found to be at least moderately effective in terms of fostering mostly explicit grammatical knowledge and its effectiveness turned out be comparable to that of teaching based on traditional descriptions.

8

What is the ‘Future’ of Greek? Towards a Pragmatic Analysis

70%

Chiou M.

Research in Language

|

2014

|

vol. 12

|

issue 4

355-375

EN

The paper investigates the problems related to futurity and modality in modern Greek. The discussion of Greek temporal future expressions is conducted with reference to relevant literature from the areas of English linguistics, cognitive studies and pragmatics. The focus is on the status of future-oriented expressions and the question whether they are primarily epistemic in nature, whether they are tense-based, or modality-based. It is argued that the future tense in Greek has a modal semantic base conveying epistemic modality and that the preferred future prospective reading is a pragmatic development of the semantic modal base. The author further suggests that the future reading is a kind of presumptive meaning which follows from the neo-Gricean Principle of Informativeness, known as the I-principle (Levinson 2000) being a generalised interpretation which does not depend on contextual information.

9

Categoria verbale del tempo. Uno studio contrastivo italiano-romeno

70%

Popa C. F.

Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors: Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Cultural and Translation Strategies

|

2020

|

vol. 14

92-102

EN

In the analysis of grammatical terminology, we can identify a methodological description of the verbal category of tense common to both Italian and Romanian. That could be taken to account for the fact that these two languages feature the same main moods and tenses, but with some different nuances from the point of view of verbal or temporal aspect. Our study aims to present and analyse such differences between Italian and Romanian, with a major focus on those encountered in the verbal category of tense. The present paper is intended to view tense from the morphosyntactic vantage point (verbal tenses of the finite moods), with the lexical stance (adverbs, prepositional phrases) to be documented in subsequent research.

10

‘TAM’ in English constructions vs. Polish renditions – Selected transference pitfalls

70%

Chłopek D.

Linguistics Beyond and Within

|

2017

|

vol. 3

20-36

EN

This paper argues that a cognitive, constructional, view of the English categories of tense, aspect, and mood (‘TAM’) influences comprehension resulting in a more accurate grammatical performance by Polish users of English. Five English constructions considered to be transference pitfalls for Polish users are highlighted through juxtaposing original examples from The Hobbit by Tolkien (1937/1978) with three Polish renditions. The pitfalls addressed in this paper concern absence of equivalent Polish constructions to English expressions in the perfect aspect, the progressive aspect and to English constructions which ‘lexicalize’, i.e. convey with words, a compilation of the perfect and the progressive aspects. The Polish versions of the examples analysed and discussed in the present paper demonstrate a variety of means in which Polish grammar is used to handle the disparities between the English and Polish versions. The objective of the paper is to apply a cognitive interpretation to the aforementioned English constructions.

11

Време и граматичка категорца времена у сакралном стилу

70%

БАJИЂ Р. С.

Stylistyka

|

2007

|

vol. 16

375-391

SR

The aim of this paper is to describe the use of some Serbian tenses in sacral style (na- mely, in praying discourse), with regard to the special meaning of time in the Orthodox Church (e.g. that which emphasizes the eternity). The materiał we used was an Orthodox prayerbook. The project proved to be laborious; firstly because of the lack of research in sacral styles in modem linguistics and modem languages in generał, and secondly, because of vaguely-defined verb-tense concepts in Serbian linguistics.The main conclusion is that almost all tenses, especially most uses of the present and two past tenses (preterite and aorist) - serve exactly to emphasize the eternity. We have termed that stylistic characteristic svevremenost (in Serbian). The past tenses realize that characteristic by reminding us of some events from the Gospel. The present and the other uses of aorist, as well as the futurę tense, possess this main characteristic, as well; but to a lower extent. Namely, in the statements where the specified tense-uses appear, the wri- ter/reader speaks mostly about himself, not about God and some Church truths which are always valid - without either the beginning or the end. Furthermore, no matter how long one reads (speaks) these prayers (it is supposed that every Orthodox Christian reads them every day) - there will be the end to it, i.e. the end of everyone’s earthly life. The main functions of the Church language connected to the examined verb-tense uses are performative (present is used in many performative statements, which we also find as one of the characteristics of praying discourse), function of reminding us, and recording facts.

12

Teaching English tense and aspect with the help of cognitive grammar: An empirical study

70%

Bielak J., Pawlak M.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

|

2011

|

vol. 1

|

issue 3

365-400

EN

Form-focused instruction is usually based on traditional practical/pedagogical grammar descriptions of grammatical features. The comparison of such traditional accounts with cognitive grammar (CG) descriptions seems to favor CG as a basis of pedagogical rules. This is due to the insistence of CG on the meaningfulness of grammar and its detailed analyses of the meanings of particular grammatical features. The differences between traditional and CG rules/descriptions are exemplified by juxtaposing the two kinds of principles concerning the use of the present simple and present progressive to refer to situations happening or existing at speech time. The descriptions provided the bases for the instructional treatment in a quasi-experimental study exploring the effectiveness of using CG descriptions of the two tenses, and of their interplay with stative (imperfective) and dynamic (perfective) verbs, and comparing this effectiveness with the value of grammar teaching relying on traditional accounts found in standard pedagogical grammars. The study involved 50 participants divided into three groups, with one of them constituting the control group and the other two being experimental ones. One of the latter received treatment based on CG descriptions and the other on traditional accounts. CG-based instruction was found to be at least moderately effective in terms of fostering mostly explicit grammatical knowledge and its effectiveness turned out be comparable to that of teaching based on traditional descriptions.

13

Aspect indicators for deverbal nominals on different syntactic levels

70%

Heinold S.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

|

2011

|

vol. 47

683

EN

Recent literature on deverbal nominalisations has focused on the aspectual differences between nominal events expressed by the derivational morphology of the noun as well as the problems regarding their interpretation in natural language examples extracted from text corpora (Ehrich and Rapp 2000; Borer 2005; Spranger and Heid 2007; Alexiadou et al. 2009; Heinold 2010). It seems that the close syntactic environment of such event-NPs (like modifiers or embedding verbal constructions) are quite reliable as indicators for their aspectual properties. It is, however, uncertain in how far such contexts as well as the tense and aspect of the sentence interact with the aspectual information within the nominals themselves. This paper shortly introduces the lexical and morphological units in NPs and VPs which carry aspectual information. I present English, German and French data which show that in sentences where nominal and verbal event information interact different levels of aspect have to be kept apart in order to do justice to the subtle semantic differences of complex event situations.

14

L1 French learning of L2 Spanish past tenses: L1 transfer versus aspect and interface issues

70%

Pons J. A., Ahern A., Fuentes P. G.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

|

2017

|

vol. 7

|

issue 3

489-515

EN

This paper examines the process of acquiring L2s that are closely related to the L1 through data on how adult French speakers learning L2 Spanish in a formal setting develop knowledge and use of past tenses in this L2. We consider the role of transfer and simplification in acquiring mental representations of the L2 grammar, specifically in the area of tense and aspect, and how learners deal with integrating grammatically encoded, lexical and discursive information, including mismatching feature combinations leading to particular inferential effects on interpretation. Data is presented on the Spanish past tenses (simple and compound past, pluperfect, imperfect and progressive forms) from two tasks, an oral production filmretell and a multiple-choice interpretation task, completed by learners at A2, B1, B2 and C1 CEFR levels (N = 20-24 per level). L1 influence is progressively attenuated as proficiency increases. Difficulties were not always due to negative L1 transfer, but related also to grammar-discourse interface issues when integrating linguistic and pragmatic information in the interpretation process. This has clear implications for the teaching of closely related languages: instruction should not only focus on crosslinguistic contrasts, but also prioritize uses requiring complex interface integration, which are harder to process.

15

Acerca de las relaciones entre el aspecto y el modo accional desde una perspectiva tipológico-comparada

70%

Nowikow W.

Studia Iberystyczne

|

2012

|

vol. 11

97-117

EN

The article analyses the status of the Aspect and Aktionsart categories, as well as the relationship between them. The analysis was based on a comparison between the Romance and North Slavonic languages, with particular emphasis on Polish and Spanish. From the typological point of view the first one can be classified as an aspect + cases type and the second one belongs to the article + tense languages. Therefore it analyses some differences between Spanish tenses pretérito and copretérito, as well as perfective and imperfective Aspect in Polish

16

What is the ‘Future’ of Greek? Towards a Pragmatic Analysis

70%

Chiou M.

Research in Language

|

2014

|

vol. 12

|

issue 4

355-375

EN

The paper investigates the problems related to futurity and modality in modern Greek. The discussion of Greek temporal future expressions is conducted with reference to relevant literature from the areas of English linguistics, cognitive studies and pragmatics. The focus is on the status of future-oriented expressions and the question whether they are primarily epistemic in nature, whether they are tense-based, or modality-based. It is argued that the future tense in Greek has a modal semantic base conveying epistemic modality and that the preferred future prospective reading is a pragmatic development of the semantic modal base. The author further suggests that the future reading is a kind of presumptive meaning which follows from the neo-Gricean Principle of Informativeness, known as the I-principle (Levinson 2000) being a generalised interpretation which does not depend on contextual information.

17

Alte und neue Verlaufsformen im Deutschen

61%

Eroms H.-W.

Studia Germanica Posnaniensia

|

2017

|

issue 38

63-77

EN

In recent times, German as a language with a well-functioning tense system is developing a special progressive form, marking actions and processes which are continual and not yet terminated. There is a variety of forms like beim Arbeiten or gerade im Begriff sein zu arbeiten, but most usual and by far most grammaticalised is the am-progressive (er ist am Arbeiten, “he is working”). In this paper the restrictions which still exist are discussed. They are limited, but although they are not entirely accepted in standard German, the range of these constructions is extensive. In spite of this fact, the German language does not tend to develop general aspectual markers. A comparison with English shows this clearly. However, in its early periods the German language had overt aspectual characteristics. Especially constructions with the present participle and the auxiliary verbs sein and warden could function as aspect partners. These constructions gradually disappeared at the end of Middle High German. Thus, modern German has only very few aspectual markers, which are restricted to progressive constructions verbalizing actions and processes in actual situations.

18

Towards a Theory of Tense in Tunisian Arabic (A Preliminary Approximation)

61%

Bańczerowski J., Oueslati J.

Rocznik Orientalistyczny

|

2017

|

issue 2

19

Toward a formal model of semantic change: A neo-Reichenbachian approach to the development of the Vedic past tense system

61%

Dahl E.

Lingua Posnaniensis

|

2015

|

vol. 57

|

issue 1

41-76

EN

This paper explores some ways in which a neo-Reichenbachian time-relational framework can be applied to diachronic data. The target language of this study is Vedic Sanskrit, the language of the sacred texts of Hinduism. The main focus of the paper concerns the evolution of the Vedic past tense system, which at the beginning of the Vedic tradition is aspect-based and later develops into a system where temporal remoteness and evidentiality distinctions determine the distribution of the past tense categories. This language therefore offers a particularly intriguing data set for exploring the diachronic relationship between aspect, proximal tense and evidentiality, a field of diachronic semantics which has only received limited attention in the research literature.

20

A perspectiva comparativa do pretérito perfeito composto, pretérito perfecto compuesto e present perfect

53%

Mikołajczak S.

Studia Romanica Posnaniensia

|

2013

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vol. 40

|

issue 1

81-93

EN

The aim of this paper is to highlight a problematic use of the Portuguese tense Pretérito Perfeito Composto in comparison to the use of English Present Perfect and Spanish Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto. A great number of mistakes in use of this tense is observed in the students’ production in their L3 Portuguese as a result of apparent similarity between the Portuguese and the Spanish tense. The article is expected to present differences in temporal and aspectual approaches of these tenses. The use of Portuguese construction is much more restricted, limited in fact to the imperfect, repeated or prolonged actions that continue in the present. However, the apparent similarities in form provoke the students to transfer the tense constructions from the other languages. We observe the mechanisms of transfer and try to underline the essential differences in usage of these tenses.

Refine search results

Zeit und Tempus

Tenses, Dates and Times*

Czas w encyklikach Jana Pawła II

Development of Aspect and Tense in Semitic Languages: Typological Considerations

Le plus-que-parfait - expression d'antériorité et/ ou d'accompli? Essai d'analyse contrastive

Tenses, Dates and Times

Teaching English tense and aspect with the help of cognitive grammar: An empirical study.

What is the ‘Future’ of Greek? Towards a Pragmatic Analysis

Categoria verbale del tempo. Uno studio contrastivo italiano-romeno

‘TAM’ in English constructions vs. Polish renditions – Selected transference pitfalls

Време и граматичка категорца времена у сакралном стилу

Teaching English tense and aspect with the help of cognitive grammar: An empirical study

Aspect indicators for deverbal nominals on different syntactic levels

L1 French learning of L2 Spanish past tenses: L1 transfer versus aspect and interface issues

Acerca de las relaciones entre el aspecto y el modo accional desde una perspectiva tipológico-comparada

What is the ‘Future’ of Greek? Towards a Pragmatic Analysis

Alte und neue Verlaufsformen im Deutschen

Towards a Theory of Tense in Tunisian Arabic (A Preliminary Approximation)

Toward a formal model of semantic change: A neo-Reichenbachian approach to the development of the Vedic past tense system

A perspectiva comparativa do pretérito perfeito composto, pretérito perfecto compuesto e present perfect