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EN
For determining the legal character of norms regulating internal relations within the associations of self-government units, the important provision is article 29 paragraph 2 item 2 Act on associations. This provision limits the possibility of repealing the resolution of an association’s organ (also concerning the members of that organ), which is not in compliance with the law or the statute: repealing can be done by the court only, in non-litigation proceedings, on application of the supervisory organ or the prosecutor. This means the court’s interference with the association’s activity should have an exceptional character and take into account the autonomous and self-governmental nature of the association in question.
Prawo
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2017
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issue 323
263-275
EN
German municipalities provide intangible and tangible (economic) services to the members of their self-governmental municipalities. Intangible and tangible services are provided by entities that are part of the system — under private-law (capital companies) or public-law (administrative companies or other forms of public-law companies that are independent of their municipalities and separated from the municipality executive apparatus). The subject matter of this study is the administrative company, generally referred to as amunicipal company under the public law. In the German terri­torial self-government, it is arelatively new legal entity that was established in the mid-nineties of the twentieth century. Although it has apersonality under the public law, its regime is largely based on capital companies. Compared to other entities — proprietary company or managed company — it has relatively wide independence of its municipalities. Thus, it is often referred to as aform of inner-municipal decentralization. However, the municipality may have alarger influence on such a company’s organization and functioning compared to capital companies in which it holds shares.
EN
The article „The objectives of a territorial self-government and the tasks of a territorial government administration” is an attempt to establish a demarcation line between the objectives of a territorial self-government and the tasks of a territorial government administration. In order to reach this goal, on one hand it seems natural to examine the essence of the territorial self-government, its features and objectives, and on the other – to indicate generally the issues that are attributable to the governmental administration. The analysis of dividing the tasks between the territorial self-government and the territorial governmental administration are also referred to in Article 15 item 1 of the Constitution, as well as Article 15 item 2 therewith, in light of which – as the principal – the tasks which should be taken care of by the self-government should be performed by these bodies independently.
PL
Article presents characteristics of public administration of the Slovak Republic. The first part of article is focused on structure of public administration, with an emphasis on territorial self-government. The second part of article is focused on the budget of territorial self – government, with some aspects of fiscal decentralization. At the end of issue are presented the main conclusions, with the proposal for improvement.
EN
The paper deals with an analysis of the current state of public administration in the Czech Republic, particularly, with respect to the administrative burden of processes, the necessity of public administration, opportunities and limits of its modernization, the level of decentralization, the territorial development, and the crisis management. The analysis is made with regard to the relationship between the forms of organizations and the tasks of public administration. It shows the growing discrepancy between the effort to maintain the stability of forms and the changing social conditions connected with the requirements for public administration.
EN
Since the revival of the self-government system in Poland in 1990, the capital and the biggest city of Poland has had an administrative system different from other Polish towns. In 1990–2002, the system was based on the territorial structure made of separate units called gminas (communes), having a status of legal entities. However, the system was evolving over that period. In 1990–1994 the city was divided into seven districts-gminas: Warszawa-Mokotów, Warszawa-Ochota, Warszawa-Wola, Warszawa-Żoliborz, Warszawa-Praga Północ, Warszawa-Praga Południe and Warszawa-Śródmieście. The mayor of the city of Warsaw was its President elected by all the city councilors. The system did not function well. In 1994 a new system was introduced: the central part of the city, which had the biggest building density and the population of about one million, became one gmina called Warszawa-Centrum and divided into districts. Around it, there were ten neighboring gminas: Warszawa-Ursynów, Warszawa-Wilanów, Warszawa-Wawer, Warszawa-Targówek, Warszawa-Rembertów, Warszawa-Białołęka, Warszawa-Bielany, Warszawa-Bemowo and Warszawa-Ursus. In 1998 a decision was made to introduce one more level of self-government in the city: powiat warszawski (County of Warsaw) with its own administrative units. This very complicated system existed until 2002, when it was replaced by a new one in which Warsaw was made one gmina with eighteen districts.
EN
The base of efficient functioning of every organization, including a unit of territorial self-government, is among others, possession of suitable stock of information. The units of observation subsystem (including services of public statistics) notice state and changes happening in the scale of territorial unit registering them in different forms. As an effect of these observations, a set of information about state of unit and its individual elements is formed. It helps in taking a decision by self-government authorities. The meaning of information in decision processes of organs of territorial self-government grows distinctly. It also becomes a kind of challenge for public statistics.
9
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Funkcje gminnych rad seniorów

89%
EN
The aim of the article was to show the normative and non-normative functions of gmina senior councils in Poland. We have analysed the social environment of gmina senior councils and the normative grounds on which the councils function. For the purpose of this article, the following issues has been highlighted: a) the area of relations of the gmina senior council and gmina authorities; b) the relations of the gmina senior council and the self-government community; c) the relations of the gmina senior council and the local senior citizens; d) the relation between the gmina senior council and its members. The research shows that, apart from the particular functions of the gmina senior councils (consulting, advising, initiative), such bodies also carry out a number of additional functions, such as: pressurisation, the establishment of the civil society, activisation, integration, adaptation, revitalisation and education.
PL
Celem artykułu była próba ukazania normatywnych oraz pozanormatywnych funkcji gminnych rad seniorów w Polsce. Analizie poddano otoczenie społeczne gminnych rad seniorów oraz podstawę normatywną gminnych rad seniorów. W celu badań wyróżniono a) płaszczyznę relacji gminna rada seniorów – organy gminy, b) płaszczyznę relacji gminna rada seniorów – wspólnota samorządowa, c) płaszczyznę relacji gminna rada seniorów – seniorzy w gminie, d) płaszczyznę relacji gminna rada seniorów – członkowie gminnej rady seniorów. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, że poza określonymi funkcjami gminnych rad seniorów (konsultacyjną, doradczą, inicjatywną) ciała te pełnią także funkcje nacisku, budowania społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, aktywizującą, integracyjną, adaptacyjną, rewitalizującą i edukacyjną.
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2019
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vol. 17
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issue 1
51-65
EN
The article presents the legal structure of land communities in the context of the 2015 amendment. The rights and obligations of co-owners of communities and the procedure of public administration bodies in these matters are presented accordingly. The considerations are illustrated with the rich case law of administrative and civil courts.
PL
The purpose of the article is to indicate relations which appear between administrative law and international law, then, to discuss the specificity of international cooperation of local/regional authorities with particular attention paid tothe essence of cross-border cooperation. Instead of a conclusion, the author decided to conduct an in-depth analysis of cross-border cooperation of local/regional authorities and refer this cooperation to the relation between administrative lawand international law.
EN
The article presents, in the matter of practical relationships between territorial self-government units and communal companies, theoretical grounds of the issue. Who are self-government bodies, who is representing them, and especially, what are their competences in case of founding and supervising communal companies. The author explains, how the autonomy of companies featuring the municipal property is developed, including considerations about the activity of their bodies (the assembly of the associates, the supervisory board, the executive) and their powers toward the self-government Executive (Mayor, president) and the Legislature of the municipality (Municipal Council)
PL
Samorządowa kampania wyborcza odznacza się właściwą sobie specyfiką. Swoje kandydatury może promować wiele rodzajów komitetów: partii politycznych i ich koalicji, organizacji społecznych oraz samych wyborców. Rywalizacja wyborcza jest dzięki temu barwniejsza, gdyż dotyka wielu problemów istotnych z punktu widzenia lokalnych społeczności. Wyróżniającym się akcentem samorządowej kampanii wyborczej jest walka pomiędzy komitetami partyjnymi oraz komitetami organizacji społecznych, jak i wyborców. Nieraz bowiem komitety lokalne dysponują wystarczającym kapitałem, zarówno finansowym, jak i organizacyjnym, ku temu, aby podjąć się rywalizacji z komitetami partyjnymi. Kampanie do organów przedstawicielskich samorządu terytorialnego prowadzone są na dwóch zasadniczych płaszczyznach – centralnej oraz lokalnej. Pierwsza dotyczy komitetów partyjnych, druga – komitetów organizacji społecznych oraz komitetów wyborców. Naturalnie, partie polityczne szerzej wykorzystują masowe środki docierania do wyborcy, przez co może wydawać się bardziej nowoczesna i profesjonalna. Coraz częściej jednak komitety lokalne sięgają po środki masowego przekazu, nie tylko bazując na tradycyjnych technikach prowadzenia kampanii. Generalnie należy zaznaczyć istotną rolę mediów lokalnych, partycypujących w przekazie kampanijnym. Z pewnych względów łatwiej może przychodzić kampania wyborcza dotychczasowym mandatariuszom. W samorządowej kampanii niebagatelne znaczenie mogą mieć różne formy bezpośredniego oddziaływania władz na obywateli i ich organizacje. Ponadto, przedstawiciele sprawujący już swe mandaty mieli już okazję do tego, aby zrealizować obietnice wyborcze i zyskać w oczach mieszkańców jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. Od przebiegu kampanii wyborczej często zależy późniejszy sukces wyborczy. Uzyskanie mandatu w wyborach samorządowych może być początkiem kariery politycznej. Niektórzy ze zwycięzców realizują się na polu samorządowym, niektórzy zaś walczą o mandaty w wyborach ogólnokrajowych. Ciągle jednak istnieje problem wykorzystania potencjału kandydatów, którzy przegrali.
EN
Territorial self-government election campaign stands out its proper specific. Its candidatures might be supported by many various committees: political parties and their coalitions, as well as non-governmental organizations and voter’s. Thus election campaign is more colourful, because it refers to many important issues for local communities. The fight between political parties committees and committees of non-governmental organizations, such as voters committees is outstanding emphasis of territorial self-government election campaign. Repeatedly, local committees do not have enough measures, neither financial nor organizational, in order to compete with political party committees. Election campaign to local authorities organs are conducted in two basic areas – central and local. The first deals with political parties committees, the second – non-governmental organization committees, as well as voters committees. Naturally, political parties use the media broader, therefore they might seem more modern and professional. However local committees use the media increasingly, not only limiting to traditional techniques of leading campaign. Generally, it should be pointed out to role of the local media in participation in territorial self-government election campaign. There is few reasons thanks to which competing in election campaign might be easier for current local authorities. There might be various forms of direct effect local authorities on citizens and their organizations which are notable. Moreover, members of current local authorities always have opportunities to fulfill pre-election promises and to gather support of residents of territorial units. Election success often depends on election campaign. Gathering the mandate in territorial selfgovernment elections might be the beginning of political career. Some of election winners pursue on a local area, others jostle for mandates in national elections. Though there is still a problem with usage of potential of looser candidates.
EN
This article’s aim is to examine a dependency between local government administration at a municipal level and the level of local entrepreneurship. This paper attempts to answer the question of whether the size of the local government administration has features of stimulant or de-stimulant in the process of setting up a business. In other words, does the size of public administration at a local level (municipal level) have a positive or negative impact on creating new business entities? This is important due to at least a couple of reasons. First of all, the current research achievements are not extensive, when it comes to the publications that link entrepreneurship and the size of local government administration. Secondly, the problem of entrepreneurship determinants constitutes still topical and not fully investigated (or explained) aspects of local economy development. Thirdly and finally, the authors of this article have proposed and copyrighted an approach to the quantification of the size of local government administration, modifying commonly used measures of local public administration. Thus, this article fits not only into the explanation of the entrepreneurship phenomenon and its determinants, but also contributes to the development of knowledge about dependencies between the size of local self-government and the entrepreneurship level. It expands the knowledge resource on analyzed dependencies and re-orients current approaches to similar research.
PL
Założenie racjonalnego prawodawcy to nieodłączny element argumentacyjny klasycznej dogmatyki prawniczej i prima facie nie przystaje do koncepcji sterowania, która została wypracowana na gruncie szeroko pojętych nauk administracyjnych i która zajmuje się celowym i zamierzonym kształtowaniem rzeczywistości społecznej. Jednak zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do samorządu terytorialnego, jako podmiotu samodzielnego, działającego w imieniu własnym i na własną odpowiedzialność, rozpatrywanie tej instytucji ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ambiwalencji podmiotu sterowanego i jednocześnie sterującego otwiera interesującą perspektywę badawczą.
EN
The concept of the rational lawmaker is an inherent part of classic legal dogmatics and, at first glance, does not suit the concept of governance that has been developed in the area of broadly-understood administrative studies and deals with the deliberate and intentional formation of social realities. However, viewing this institution as a controlled and simultaneously controlling entity opens up an interesting research perspective, especially with respect to territorial self-government, as an independent entity operating in its own name and at its own risk.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę identyfikacji zadań obronnych wykonywanych na poszczególnych szczeblach samorządu terytorialnego. Zadania obronne realizowane są w ramach Systemu Obronnego Państwa, który jest podsystemem Systemu Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego. Wobec tego w artykule wskazano usytuowanie Systemu Obronnego w Systemie Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego, struktury Systemu Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego oraz misję poszczególnych jego podsystemów. Przedstawiono również funkcjonowanie samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce i dokonano próby identyfikacji zadań obronnych realizowane przez samorządy terytorialne. Przedmiotem badań niniejszego artykułu są zadania obronne realizowane przez samorządy terytorialne w Polsce, celem natomiast próba identyfikacji zadań obronnych wykonywanych na poszczególnych szczeblach samorządu terytorialnego. W pracy wykorzystano teoretyczne metody badawcze: analizę, syntezę, abstrahowanie oraz wnioskowanie.
EN
This article is an attempt to identify defensive tasks performed at individual levels of territorial self-government in Poland. Defense tasks are implemented within the State Defense System, which is a subsystem of the National Security System (NSS). Therefore, the article indicates the location of the Defense System in the National Security System, the structure of NSS and the mission of its individual subsystems. The author also presents the functioning of territorial self-government in Poland and specifies tasks implemented by territorial self-government. The subject of the research are defense tasks implemented by local governments in Poland, and the aim is an attempt to identify defense tasks performed at individual levels of local government. The following theoretical research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, abstraction and inference.
17
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Z teorii i praktyki samorządu terytorialnego

75%
EN
The legal issues of territorial self-government are the subject of interest in jurisprudence. Territorial self-government forms an important and permanent part of the organizational structure of a democratic state ruled by law, which is aff ected by constitutional and international legal factors. Determining of the status of territorial self-government by means of parliament statutes and ordinances sometimes results in departing from the relevant constitutional and international requirements. That is why it is so important to guarantee the functioning of an impartial, independent and efficient judicial power in the field of the organization and functioning of territorial self-government in a modern state.
Prawo
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2017
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issue 324
187-199
EN
The article presents the most important scholarly achievements of Stanisław Podwiński and his views on local government. Podwiński was not only a local government theorist but, above all, practitioner. This is evidenced by his work in various government and local government bodies as well as his instructions on how to elect municipal councillors and members of municipal executive boards as well as village, county and city councillors. The instructions were a kind of signposts showing those organising elections how they should proceed. Podwiński’s instructions were written in a manner that would make them useful not only to state and local government officials, professionally involved in the work of local government, but also to local government activists. The personnel of local government bodies included people who were not always familiar with the scope of responsibilities of the work, which was by no means easy. These publications were to help them discharge their official duties by introducing them to the local government system.
DE
In dem Aufsatz wurden das wichtigste wissenschaftliche Werk von Stanisław Podwiński und seine Ansichten zu der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung gezeigt. Podwiński war nicht nur ein Theo­retiker der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung, aber vor allem ein Praktiker. Davon kann sowohl seine Tätigkeit in den Organen der Regierungs- und der Selbstverwaltung, als auch die von ihm vorbe­reiteten Anweisungen, wie die Gemeinderäte und Mitglieder der Gemeindeverwaltung, der Orts-, Kreis-, und Stadträte zu wählen sind, zeugen. Die Anweisungen waren ein spezifischer Wegweiser, wie die Organe, die die Wahlen durchführen, vorzugehen haben. Die Arbeiten von Podwiński waren derart geschrieben, damit sie nicht nur den Beamten des Staates und der Selbstverwaltung, die beruflich die Arbeit in der Selbstverwaltung ausübten, sondern auch den Selbstverwaltungsaktivisten dienen konnten. In die Organe der Selbstverwaltung kamen Personen, die nicht immer mit dem Bereich dieser Verantwortung und der nicht leichten Arbeit vertraut waren. Die Publikationen sollten ihnen die Ausübung dieser Pflichten erleichtern, indem sie ihnen die Struktur der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung nahe brachten.
EN
Birth and development of territorial self-government in Poland brings significant changes in methods of running social policy. Social issues constitute an important content of exercising power by territorial self-government. In reality decentralised real social policy has not been yet recognised enough to describe and assess it in systematic way. Regional and local authorities adapt new regulations and instruments of governance and adjust to a new requirements relatively slowly; they learn. One of important instruments of running social policy is strategic planning of its activities being a component part of regional development strategy. How does the process of taking into consideration the social policy and labour market policy in regional development strategy look like? That is the basic question the regional experts were asked. Their knowledge and opinion were generalised and presented in the article. The process of the strategy formulation by regional administrations differs. However in all cases they experience problems with implementation of strategies, even where they are well formulated and have social acceptance. Because the local self-government have significant autonomy (they are independent from regional level authorities) and the regional level authorities have sector limitations explicitly arising from central regulations, implementation of strategies is based only on a soft methods of coordination.
PL
Narodziny i rozwój samorządności terytorialnej w Polsce przynosi szczególnie istotną zmianę w sposobie prowadzenia polityki społecznej. Sprawy społeczne są bowiem istotną treścią sprawowania władzy samorządowej. Zdecentralizowana polityka społeczna nie jest jeszcze w wymiarze realnym na tyle rozpoznana, aby można ją systematycznie opisać i ocenić. Władze samorządowe powoli dostosowują się do nowych regulacji i nowych instrumentów; uczą się. Jednym z instrumentów prowadzenia polityki społecznej jest planowanie jej działań przy pomocy formułowania regionalnej strategii polityki społecznej, która powinna być komponentem strategii rozwoju regionu. Jak wygląda proces uwzględniania polityki społecznej i rynku pracy w strategiach rozwoju regionalnego? To podstawowe pytanie zadano ekspertom z ośrodków regionalnych, których opinie zostały uogólnione i przedstawione w artykule. Sytuacja w województwach z tworzeniem strategii jest oczywiście zróżnicowana. Wszędzie istnieją jednak poważne trudności z ich wdrażaniem, nawet gdy one zostaną dobrze sformułowane i mają społeczne poparcie. Wobec autonomii samorządów niższego szczebla terytorialnego oraz ograniczeń regulacyjnych ze strony sektorowych ministerstw, władze wojewódzkie wykonują planistyczną funkcję w sposób ograniczony, wykorzystując głównie miękkie formy oddziaływania.
EN
In Poland, local government tax is a source of own revenue exclusively for communes (“gmina”), whereas larger administrative units such as counties (“powiat”) and voivodeships do not have access to this source of finance. Therefore, the law should be modified to enable full implementation of the standards stipulated by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the European Charter of Local Self-Government. Moderate reforms would lead to providing counties and voivodeships with their own sources of revenue, thus enabling their fiscal autonomy. Moreover, the process of restructuring the operational responsibility should come to an end and commune tax organs should be given competence to deal with such fiscal issues as inheritance and gift tax, civil law transaction tax and flat-rate income tax in the form of fixed amount tax. The local government tax system should become a significant and lasting foundation of financial autonomy for local government units. 
PL
Podatki samorządowe w Polsce są źródłami dochodów własnych wyłącznie w gminach. Powiaty i województwa nie posiadają takich źródeł dochodów. Niezbędne są zatem zmiany prawa prowadzące do pełnego zrealizowania standardów wynikających z Konstytucji RP oraz z Europejskiej Karty Samorządu Lokalnego. Efektem umiarkowanych reform byłoby wyposażenie powiatów i województw we własne podatkowe źródła dochodów umożliwiające im wykonywanie władztwa podatkowego. Należy również zakończyć proces porządkowania właściwości rzeczowej i przekazać gminnym organom podatkowym kompetencje do załatwiania spraw podatkowych z zakresu podatku od spadków i darowizn, podatku od czynności cywilnoprawnych i zryczałtowanego podatku dochodowego w formie karty podatkowej. System podatków samorządowych powinien stać się trwałym i znaczącym fundamentem samodzielności finansowej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego.
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