The issue of how legal arrangements pertaining to the international status of a political or administrative unit can influence the construction of the national identity is rarely addressed in the existing scholarship on ethnicity, nation and nationalism. Classical studies imply that nationalistically-prone political and cultural elites continuously strive to assemble all members of an alleged “nation” into one political unit. This, in turn, causes struggle for autonomy, independence, irredentism, secession, or, in the case of pan-nationalism, territorial expansion. It is also presupposed that real (if it can be the case), conceived, or constructed common ancestry of the members of a “nation” motivates nationalists to demand elevation of the nation’s status in the international arena, i.e. the recognition of autonomy and independence. However, the relationship between nation-building by means of constructed history and existing international personality is more complex. It can be the reverse. As the Kosovo case reveals, sometimes the existing international status of an administrative unit built upon ethnic principle determines the nation-building process, namely its historical side. Since 1945, the views of Kosovar elites regarding the ethnic origins of their constituents varied according to the political status of the region. As the later was evolving, Kosovar intellectuals and politicians differently saw ethnic roots of Kosovar Albanians. At first they considered this issue unimportant, but later “revealed” all-Albanian Illyrian (independently of tribal groups) roots and finally embraced Dardanian provenance.
Polityka spójności odgrywa kluczową rolę dla dynamiki procesu integracji europejskiej, stanowi w pewnym sensie „barometr” siły i kierunku przebiegu tego procesu, wokół którego w ostatnich latach toczy się debata europejska. Polityka ta w obecnym okresie programowania (2014-2020) ma wyraźny „wymiar terytorialny“, tzn. pozwala na dopasowanie charakteru wsparcia do specyfik i potrzeb określonych terytoriów. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na istotę koncepcji terytorialnego paradygmatu rozwoju oraz wskazanie przykładów jego aplikacji przez polityki rozwoju. Szczególna uwaga w tym kontekście została poświęcona europejskiej polityce spójności, której polskie regiony są największym beneficjentem.
EN
Cohesion policy plays a key role in the dynamics of the process of European integration. It is in a kind of "barometer" of strength and direction of the integration process, around which in recent years there is a debate in Europe. This policy in the current programming period (2014-2020) has a clear "territorial dimension", i.e. adjust the nature of the support to the specific needs and certain territories. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the essence of the concept of territorial development paradigm and identify examples of its application for development policy. Particular attention in this context has been dedicated to European cohesion policy, the Polish regions are the biggest beneficiary
Much has been written about metropolises. Unfortunately, the problem of the structure of metropolitan areas has yet to be resolved. Therefore, new projects which propose solutions to this problem continually appear. The justification for these works is that the growing needs of residents and their efforts to improve the quality of life have a significant impact on the issue of how best to manage urban areas. In cohesion policy, territorial cohesion comes to the fore, understood as the possibility of cooperation between regions and local systems. In this approach, it is territory that exerts an influence. Territory is thus understood as a dynamic arrangement of various connections, which changes in space and time, and goes beyond the scope of administrative division.
PL
O metropoliach pisano już wiele. Niestety do dziś nierozwiązany pozostał problem ustroju obszarów metropolitalnych. Pojawiają się zatem kolejne projekty zawierające propozycje rozwiązania tego problemu. Stale rosnące potrzeby mieszkańców oraz dążenie do podnoszenia jakości życia wywierają znaczący wpływ na sposoby zarządzania przestrzenią miejską. W polityce spójności na plan pierwszy wysuwa się spójność terytorialna, rozumiana jako możliwość współdziałania regionów i układów lokalnych. Przedmiotem oddziaływania staje się w takim ujęciu terytorium. Terytorium rozumiane jako dynamiczny, zmieniający się w czasie i przestrzeni układ różnorodnych powiązań, wykraczający poza istniejące podziały administracyjne.
Theoretical considerations and research on “territoriality” of development processes cause that territory takes on a new meaning. Writing about the territory Nowakowska [2011] states that we should no longer take into account only ‘area’ extracted according to geographical and administrative criteria – but also the space that has been shaped historically, in which a specifi c institutional and organizational arrangement has been created. The essence of the concept of “territory” boils down to the combination of dimension associated with the space in the physical dimension with its cognitive and social dimensions. Considerations on the nature of “territory” bring to “conclusion” that the term is no longer associated only with “physical space” treated in the traditional theories of business location as cost of land, capital, labor and transportation costs. Territory begins to be seen as “a form of organization that reduces uncertainty and risk, which is a source of information, accumulation as well as a transfer of knowledge and skills and as a source of innovation. In this paper formulated thesis states that in the coming term (years 2014–2020) a well-organized space will be a source for innovation. There was presented a forecast of regions’ innovation potential for 2016 with the use of a non-model method. Based on the article it can be concluded that the diversity and creativity drive each other and thus allow to stimulate innovation and economic growth for which well-organized space is essential.
National borders constitute barriers to social, economic and political processes and, thus, tend to contribute to the peripheralisation of border regions. The paper compares the evolution of two euroregions in peripheral central European border regions, whose objective is to overcome such negative border effects by promoting cross-border cooperation at the regional level. On a theoretical level, the paper argues for an understanding of euroregions as soft spaces. Rather than viewing them primarily as instances of state rescaling, the paper emphasizes their role as adaptive service providers for local constituencies. It is suggested that their long-term stability depends on their relation to, and the internal dynamics of, politico-administrative hard spaces at the regional, national, and supranational level. While hard spaces are associated with the notion of the Weberian bureaucratic state, soft spaces combine many of the ideas of the New Public Management literature. Building on an organizational ecology perspective, the paper forwards the argument that stable, resourceful, and accessible hard spaces constitute a predictable and engaging environment within which softer arrangements may compete for the delivery of services. However, the interplay between soft and hard spaces tends to have an impact on the euroregions’ agendas. While EU cohesion policy provides incentives to strengthen horizontal cross-border coordination, the organizational integration of the two euroregions remained rather loose, testifying to the continued importance of domestic prerogatives.
The scope of the article is to reflect upon the argument of animality in the work of the Sicilian poet Jolanda Insana (1937-2016) which represents one of the possible interpretive keys of her works. The analytical part of the paper contains an analysis from the anti-anthropocentric perspective of some fragments of the section Bestia clandestina included in the volume Turbativa d’incanto (2012).
Tekst omawia relacje między obszarem, przestrzenią i miejscem. Autora interesują nie tyle same pojęcia, ile ich znaczenie w postrzeganiu, waloryzowaniu i użytkowaniu miejskiej przestrzeni. W pierwszej części analizuje rolę miejsca i sposobów jego konstruowania w społecznej praktyce. Kolejne fragmenty artykułu dotyczą mitotwórczej roli metra i ambiwalencji przestrzeni, sposobów jej przyswajania oraz kurczenia się przestrzeni publicznych we współczesnym mieście.
EN
The article is devoted to the relationship between the concepts of territory, space, and place. The author is interested in the meanings of these concepts in the context of perceiving, valuing and using the urban space. The first section focuses on the role of place and its construction in the social reality. The following parts refer to the meaning of a metro and the ambivalence of space, methods of absorbing it, and to the disappearing public space in contemporary cities.
What it meant by European Integration? We mean the historical process whereby European nation-states have been willing to transfer, or more usually pool, their sovereign powers in a collective enterprise. The European Union, which today contains twenty-eight member states, which has a complex institutional structure that includes a supranational central administration (the European Commission), an elected Parliament, a Court of Justice and a Central Bank, is the outcome of this processes. Many American and European scientists of the European Union have chided “intergovemmentalist” accounts for emphasizing the duration of member state authority over the process of European integration. This article attempts to prove these criticisms in a “historical institutionalist” account that mentions the importance of research on European integration as a political process which spreads over time. Such an aspect distinguishes the limitations of member-state control over permanent institutional improvements, due to a fixation with short-term interests, the existence of unexpected consequences, and actions that “lock in” past decisions and make affirmation of member-state control difficult. Short exploration of the development of social policy in the EC advocates the limitations of conducting the EC as an international regime promoting collective activity among sovereign states. It is important to view integration as a “path-dependent” process that has composed a dispersed, but still obvious “multitiered” European polity.
The subject of this article is an attempt to reconstruct the Jagiellonian idea as a geopolitical concept promoted by the journalist of the Vilnius “Słowo” Stanisław Cat-Mackiewicz. The article discusses the most important views and postulates of one of the most famous Polish conservative writers in the area of proclaiming the need to recreate the power position of Poland in the 20th century. The article emphasizes that, according to Mackiewicz, the multi-ethnic unification of the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian lands by the most outstanding rulers of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Polish history was an unsurpassed model for the implementation of a brilliant geopolitical plan. The research demonstrates the basic aspects of the Jagiellonian idea according to Cat and the reasons for the reintegration of the nationalities living in the area of the former Crown and the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a real security against the superpower expansion by Germany and Russia.
Rudolf Kjellén (1864-1922) discusses the birth, death, and possible rebirth of the state as a 'living organism'. His concept of the nation, based on Renan, as a voluntary community is linked to the attainment of statehood. Poland is an example in this discussion, beginning in his book Stormakterna - The Great Powers - in 1905, with the nation under subjugation by three of these powers, continuing with his Staten som lifsform in 1916 where the possibility of rebirth is in sight, and finalized in 1920 in questioning the future of the world geopolitical order. His writings also include statements on the vulnerability of borders, the need for domestic autarky, and, on the problems of territorial autonomy, discussions of importance for the post-World War I geopolitical history of Poland; but these have mostly been neglected by post-World War II discourses. The aim of this article is to analyse how Poland's geopolitical situation is reflected in the viewpoints of Rudolf Kjellén against the background of the historical, spatial development of the Polish state and Polish ethnicity.
The way we experience our cities is not neutral: women and men experience it differently, depending on factors such as where they live, the social group which they belong to, the gender roles assigned, and intersectionality. Urbanismo Mujeres y Ciudad en Latinoamérica is a platform that works with qualitative methodologies with gender and feminist perspective.This article presents a methodological proposal to answer the central question: How is the urban experience of women in two Latin American cities: Mexico City and Santiago de Chile. As a way of answering it, the following were developed: the Multidimensional Model of Gender-Conscious Urbanism, the My Walk Travel Log, the Immobility Log and the Neighbourhood Satisfaction Survey. These are the tools of the urban analysis methodology proposed in order to understand the experience of women in the above-mentioned territory, including quantitative and qualitative variables, making perception the central element of the analysis.
The objective of this article is to provide a short presentation of the integration process of the areas that formed Lower Moesia. The author aims to present select methods implemented by the Romans in order to place the discussed territories under their complete control. The main differences between the individual parts of Lower Moesia have also been indicated in the article, as well as the ways in which they mutually supplemented each other, ultimately composing a cohesive whole.
W dobie dynamicznych zmian w światowej gospodarce rośnie znaczenie nowego paradygmatu rozwoju zwanego rozwojem ukierunkowanym terytorialnie. Ta zmiana ogólnej koncepcji rozwoju determinowana jest wieloma czynnikami, a przede wszystkim tym, że jest ona wytworem historycznym, a więc ma wymiar czasowy. Zarówno rozwój regionalny, jak i lokalny są modelami dynamicznymi, w których istnieją ciągłe interakcje między elementami lokalnymi i globalnymi. Interakcje te tworzą system przestrzennie skoncentrowanych i historycznie ukształtowanych działalności technicznych, produkcyjnych i instytucjonalnych, wykonywanych i skoordynowanych w różny sposób przez wszelkiego rodzaju organizacje, czyli terytorium. Można stwierdzić, że terytoria kształtują się w sposób ewolucyjny, a ich historię tworzą kolejne, następujące po sobie fazy rozwoju oraz nowe sytuacje zewnętrzne, zmuszające je do ciągłego dostosowywania się. W ich granicach występuje nieustająca kombinacja czynników rozwoju, a cechy je odróżniające są niepowtarzalne i z trudem można je odtwarzać na innych obszarach. Terytoria zatem są specyficznymi konstrukcjami społecznymi. Współczesne realia społeczne wymagają łączenia wymiaru lokalnego i regionalnego z wymiarem światowym – globalnym. To sprawia, że terytoria są areną gry aktorów ekonomicznych.
EN
At a time when the world economy is experiencing rapid changes, a new paradigm of development referred to as a territory-oriented approach is growing in importance. This shift in the general concept of development is driven by a multitude of factors, including in particular the fact that development is a historical product and as such it has its own temporal dimension. Both regional and local developments are dynamic models where constant interactions occur between local and global elements. These interactions create a system in which spatially concentrated and historically formed technical, productive and institutional activities are performed and coordinated in a variety of ways by all kinds of organizations, in other words a territory. One may argue that territories evolve and their history is made up of subsequent development stages and of new external situations which compel them to make continuous adjustments. Within their borders, there is an ongoing combination of development factors, with the territory's differentiating features being unique and not easily replicable. As such, territories are specific social structures. Contemporary social realities require that local and regional dimensions be brought up together with the world - a global dimension. This makes territories a stage for economic actors.
The adoption of territorial development paradigm as a basis for discussion and research studies in the field of local development, reorients traditional approach to research in this area, through the introduction of analyzes related to the wider context of social and cultural processes of economic development. The concept of the so-called “soft” factors of development, i.e. institutions, relational capital or regulations that determine the competitiveness of local enterprises, makes necessary to introduce studies of sociological, cultural and social nature, in addition to traditional research conducted on the basis of economic sciences. Globalization processes that force the adoption of specific businesses strategies, indicate the need to conduct research leading to finding an answer to the question of how the territory allows to develop on the basis of local strategies to assist the active participation of companies in the global market. This article presents the results of research explaining the role of territorial conditions for business development.
PL
Przyjęcie terytorialnego paradygmatu rozwoju jako podstawy badawczej w rozważaniach i studiach z zakresu rozwoju lokalnego reorientuje klasyczne podejście do badań w tym zakresie, poprzez wprowadzenie analiz związanych z szeroko rozumianym kontekstem społecznym i kulturowym procesów rozwoju gospodarczego. W koncepcji tej tzw. „miękkie” czynniki rozwoju, tj. instytucje, kapitał relacyjny czy regulacje, determinujące budowę konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw lokalnych sprawiają, że dla pełnego wyjaśnienia związków terytorium z przedsiębiorczością konieczne stają się badania natury socjologicznej, kulturowej i społecznej, obok tradycyjnych badań prowadzonych na gruncie nauk ekonomicznych. W koncepcji tej terytorium urasta do rangi swoistego aktora życia gospodarczego i społecznego. Procesy globalizacyjne, które wymuszają na przedsiębiorstwach przyjmowanie określonych strategii włączających firmy w globalną gospodarkę, wskazują na konieczność prowadzenia badań umożliwiających znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie: w jaki sposób terytorium pozwala na wypracowanie na gruncie lokalnym strategii pozwalających na aktywne uczestnictwo firm w globalnym rynku? Budowa terytorium to proces, w którym jednakowo ważną rolę odgrywają zarówno władze, jak i podmioty prywatne, to proces polegający na dialogu i rozwoju wzajemnych relacji prowadzących do współdziałania na rzecz osiągania celów rozwoju lokalnego.
Territories as relational geographical constructs are in constant formation and reformation, or rescaling, which results in spatial typologies of complex governance. The voting containers of a territory are merely one typology, often not matching the numerous functions within the other typologies. Under the assumption that voting containers are politically fixed, governance that adapts to the dynamics of territorial rescaling is required. This paper explores the relationship between territorial rescaling and polycentric governance in Albania. It concludes that polycentric governance can enable cooperation and efficiency throughout rescaling, assuming some conditions are in place for addressing the polycentricity gap.
In the article the problem of delimitation of metropolitan areas in Poland is discussed in two aspects. On the one hand, in the context of global and historical processes of industrialization, servitization and metropolization of big cities, and, on the other hand, in the light of the various concepts of the region (structural, functional and territorial). Most of the Polish big cities suffer from deindustrialization caused by systemic change. The service economy is developing rapidly, but only in some of them (Warsaw, Krakow, Wroclaw, Poznan) and much slower in other big cities. Everywhereit causes the intensive suburbanization (sprawl). Metropolitan functions are rather in initial stage, concentrated mainly in the capital city Warsaw. So, the notion "metropolitan area” should be in the Polish context understood rather as "big city with their suburbs”. In the era of globalization, the public control of functioning and development of metropolitan areas in Poland is necessary in order to ensure their future metropolization. Functional linkages inside metropolitan areas are, however, nor necessary, nor sufficient condition of the efficiency of such a control. It is necessary to restore the territorial principle. In conclusion shows that the metropolitan areas in Poland, which are in fact regions, should be defined as the territories, that is areas ruled by sovereign, but democratically controlled power. The only imaginable such territorial unit is in Poland the metropolitan county (metropolis). It moves the problem of their delimitation from research and planning agenda to political agenda.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono i przedyskutowano problem delimitacji obszarów metropolitalnych w Polsce w dwóch aspektach. Z jednej strony w kontekście globalnych i historycznych procesów industrializacji, serwicyzacji i metropolizacji wielkich miast, a z drugiej strony w świetle różnych koncepcji regionu (strukturalnego, funkcjonalnego i terytorialnego). W warunkach globalizacji sterowanie funkcjonowaniem i rozwojem wielkich miast w Polsce jest niezbędne dla zapewnienia ich prawidłowej metropolizacji. Powiązania funkcjonalne wewnątrz obszarów metropolitalnych nie są jednak ani koniecznym, ani wystarczającym warunkiem sprawności takiego sterowania. Niezbędne jest natomiast przywrócenie zasady terytorialnej. W konkluzji wykazuje się, że obszary metropolitalne w Polsce, będące w istocie regionami, powinny być definiowane jako terytoria, czyli obszary władztwa podmiotu suwerennego, choć podlegającego demokratycznej kontroli. Jedyną obecnie jednostką terytorialną tego rodzaju wyobrażalną w ramach porządku prawnego w Polsce jest powiat metropolitalny, o odmiennych kompetencjach niż istniejące powiaty i miasta na prawach powiatu. Przenosi to problem ich delimitacji z płaszczyzny naukowej i planistycznej na polityczną. Pochodną ewentualnej decyzji o utworzeniu powiatów metropolitalnych jest konieczność ich delimitacji. W tym przypadku również, wbrew rozpowszechnionym poglądom, najważniejsze są kryteria polityczne, a wtórne naukowe i planistyczne.
W artykule, w pierwszej części, autor analizuje proces przechodzenia od pojęcia przestrzeni i regionu do pojęcia terytorium jako nowego paradygmatu rozwoju. Rewolucja technologiczna i związana z tym globalizacja wywołały głębokie zmiany w gospodarce światowej. Zjawiska te spowodowały zakwestionowanie dominujących do lat 70. XX wieku w naukach ekonomicznych koncepcji teoretycznych. W ekonomii regionalnej konieczność przeformułowania dotychczasowych poglądów wymuszona została przez niemożność wyjaśnienia, na podstawie wcześniejszych koncepcji i doktryn, nowych tendencji w rozwoju przestrzennym. W drugiej części artykułu pokazano, jak w debatach na temat europejskiej polityki regionalnej i w oficjalnych dokumentach Unii Europejskiej terminy: „terytorium”, „terytorializacja”, „terytorialność” zastępują takie pojęcia jak „region” czy „przestrzeń”.
EN
In the first part of the paper the author analyses the process of moving from the concepts of space and region to the notion of territory as a new development paradigm. The technological revolution and resulting globalisation processes have brought about deep changes in the world economy. These phenomena have called into question the theoretical concepts dominating in economic sciences since the 1970s. In regional economics the necessity to reformulate previous concepts has been triggered by the inadequacy of existing conceptions and doctrines to explain new tendencies in spatial development. The second part of the paper demonstrates how concepts such as territory, territorialisation and territoriality gradually replace the notion of region or space in debates on European regional policy and in official EU documents.
Pojęcia terytorium, zwierzchnictwa terytorialnego i autonomii terytorialnej odgrywają dużą rolę w geopolityce, politologii czy stosunkach międzynarodowych. Podkreślają one znaczenie związku między konkretną przestrzenią a sprawowaną nad nią władzą suwerena. Pozwalają odróżnić państwa od podmiotów prawnych nie mogących być uznanymi za państwa. Regulują przynależność danych obszarów do wybranych państw bądź całej społeczności międzynarodowej. Wpływają na prowadzoną przez poszczególne państwa politykę, a tym samym, poniekąd, na ład międzynarodowy
EN
The concepts of territory, territorial sovereignty and territorial autonomy play an important role in geopolitics, political science or international relations. They stress the importance of relations between particular areas and the sovereign power which is exercised over them. They enable us to differentiate between states and legal entities, which cannot be recognized as states. They regulate the affiliation of par- Terytorium, autonomia terytorialna i zwierzchnictwo terytorialne w naukach… ticular areas with particular states or the whole international community. They influence the policies implemented by individual states and, thus, to a certain extent, the global order.
The paper aims at the presentation of the current situation of Afrobolivians, one of the Afro Latin American communities that are nearly unknown to the general public and the academia. The author tries to explain main reasons of Afrobolivians’ long lasting invisibility. Discussing the present day claims of the group she refers to the strategy of folklorization of its image (through the tradition of afrobo-livian dance called saya) and to the particular importance of the ―politics of place‖ in the context of Bolivian Yungas region.
ES
El texto presenta la situación actual de los afrobolivianos, uno de los grupos afrolatinoamericanos menos conocidos y menos estudiados. La autora pre-tende explicar las razones de su invisibilidad en la sociedad boliviana. Refiriéndose a las reivindicaciones culturales y políticas del grupo en el siglo XXI presta la atención particular a la estrategia de su visibilización mediante el uso del folklore (la tradición de la saya afroboliviana) y al papel peculiar de la ―política del lugar‖ en el contexto regional yungueño.
In this paper, we analyze the competitive and innovative trajectories followed by the canned fish industry in recent times. We base our study on four case studies from the Galician industry in Spain, which comprises the largest share of the European canned fish sector. At least four different innovation patterns are found in the industry. The first pattern is a conservative one where innovation is seen as a risk and therefore maintaining current routines is the chosen option. The second pattern has been defined as “large retailer-dominated” and is followed by companies that have signed exclusive agreements with large retailers, which increasingly determine most of their innovation activities. The third strategy we have defined as “territory-orientated,” since product innovation and incorporation of quality distinctions based on the territory are the main innovation drivers. Finally, we have an “ecological or nature-orientated” innovation strategy where meeting ecological normative requirements is the main innovation driver.
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