Search results - CEJSH

1

INFERIORITY AND VIOLENCE - ISLAMIST TERRORISM SEEN AGAINST THE RESSENTIMENT THEORY

100%

Posłuszna E.

Torun International Studies

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2019

|

issue 12

169-179

EN

The paper addresses the problem of the relation between ressentiment and Islamic terrorism. The analyses of that correspondence are carried out on the basis of reflections of Friedrich Nietzsche, a renowned German scholar and creator of the first theory of ressentiment, and two American researchers – Lauren Langman and Douglas Morris. In the author’s view, the transition from ressentiment to terrorism essentially stem from the mechanism of the revaluation of values and the reaction to its final product, namely compensatory values, that manifest itself in the form of fundamentalism and fanatism.

2

„Sieć’’ przyczyn współczesnego terroryzmu – analiza czynników, mechanizmów i modeli

85%

WOJCIECHOWSKI S.

Przegląd Politologiczny

|

2011

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issue 3

63-78

EN

The issue of terrorism is the subject of numerous studies and analyses. They are usually devoted to its individual manifestations, forms or mechanisms and relatively rarely concern the reasons for the presence and escalation of terrorism. What is more, they often focus on indicating the main factors that trigger terrorism while lacking a profound analysis or attempts at the systemization of the sources of terrorism. Another drawback lies in the emotional or even ideological approach to the subject, which obviously limits the scientific merit of such considerations. Considering the reasons for terrorism one needs to ask several key questions. What are the main factors that generate terrorism? Is it possible to indicate one or several dominating deter- minants among the sources of terrorism? How can they be arranged? Do the present typologies of reasons for terrorism take into account the comprehensive range and specific na- ture of this phenomenon? Apart from answering the above questions, the main purpose of this study is to indicate the main reasons for terrorism combined with the author’s attempt to systemize them by means of the interferential model of reasons for terrorism. It encompasses both the sources of terrorism and their mutual relations, the factors that affect terrorism and the mechanisms and changes that occur with respect to these phenomena.

3

Inicjatywy polityczno-gospodarcze Stanów Zjednoczonych adresowane do krajów Afryki Północnej na początku XXI wieku

80%

Wordliczek R.

Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

|

2015

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vol. 45

83-100

EN

The Mediterranean Area is a very important region at the contemporary international relations scene. Since 2001, the United States have established closer relations with North African countries. There are two main goals of the American foreign policy towards Maghreb. The first one of these goals concerning cooperation is searching for the alternative way of supplying the United States by African gas and oil. Such countries as Algeria, Libya, and Nigeria are some of the biggest holders and exporters of these natural minerals. Nowadays, the U.S., the European countries and Russia are in rivalry for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and oil contracts with the African partners. The winner of this competition will keep control of the whole market of minerals, and from the political, economic and strategic point of view will be stronger in the future. The second one is supporting by Maghreb countries the U.S. counter-terrorism military operation “Active Endeavour”.

4

The shadow of fascism over the Italian Republic

80%

Amyot G.

Human Affairs

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2011

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vol. 21

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issue 1

35-43

EN

The Italian Republic was created at the close of World War II by the political forces that had taken part in the Resistance, with an explicitly anti-fascist ideological foundation. However, the official commitment to anti-fascism and democracy was belied by the continuing role of neo-fascist parties and organizations in the political system. This role was firstly as a potential alternative source of support for the ruling Christian Democrats, and secondly as the key element of a hidden network ready to use violent and undemocratic means to condition the normal political process. This network moved into action at the height of the “strategy of tension” (1969–80). Analysis of this period leads us to reassess the nature of postwar Italian democracy. In the “Second Republic” (post-1994) Silvio Berlusconi has promoted a revisionist approach to Fascism and the Resistance as part of his own strategy to maintain himself in power, while also espousing a plebiscitarian conception of democracy that presents certain analogies with the methods and style of the Fascist regime.

5

Zadania Państwowej Straży Pożarnej wobec zagrożenia terroryzmem w Polsce

80%

Kopa D., Imielski T.

Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem

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2015

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vol. 37

|

issue 4

31 - 50

EN

The article examines the tasks of the State Fire Service in the face of terrorist threats in Poland. The State Fire Service is an important component of the national security system. As a well-trained and well-equipped country-wide agency with a well-developed organisational structure on the three administrative levels — subregional, regional and national — it can carry out tasks in an emergency, all-day, all-year-round mode within the territory of Poland, tasks relating to broadly defi ned rescue operations, including recognition of threats and rescue operations necessitated by acts of terrorism, despite the fact that in this case it is only an auxiliary service helping the agencies designated by law to combat such threats. The need for rescue services, security services and investigation services to collaborate in the case of a terrorist threat or suspicion of a terrorist threat has greatly expanded the operational possibilities of the State Fire Service, especially with regard to specialist rescue operations.

6

Terroryzm — zjawisko pochodne wojny

80%

Paluch A., Spustek H.

Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem

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2018

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vol. 40

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issue 1

27-38

EN

In the article a terrorism was shown in three aspects: military, economic and social. Two models of the fight: dynamic and mechanical were related to contemporary conflicts. According to authors of this article, the terrorism is a derivative phenomenon of the war. It is a main reason why we used the mechanical model of the fight to describe the contemporary conflicts.

7

Special Approaches Against Terrorist Acts – The Banks’ Obligation to Counteract Money Laundering Pursuant to the Polish Banking Law

80%

Banaszyńska J.

Studia Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 67

191-203

EN

One of the main issues connected with terrorism – a “crime without borders”, a complex phenomenon the definition of which has proven elusive, is terrorism financing and money laundering. The Polish legislator – in the Polish Banking Law – imposes on banks (within the scope of their legal definition) a duty of counteracting money laundering and terrorism financing, which corresponds with the significant role of banks and other financial institutions when it comes to the prevention of terrorist crimes. On the basis of the Act on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing, a special system was created – the aim of the regulations is to facilitate successful performance by banks of their duties. In the Act, the office of the General Inspector of Financial Information was created, with an important task of controlling the realization of banks’ duties, as well as cooperation with relevant services and improvement of international antiterrorist activity. Beyond any doubt, the functioning of the Polish system could be guaranteed by broader legal and institutional frameworks on an international level, the achievement of which is contingent upon the activity of the European Union and the United Nations. A significant element in the fight against terrorism financing crimes is also proper training of the banking sector employees and officers, as well as ensuring proper communication and cooperation between them.

8

Combating terrorism. Classification of terrorist acts

80%

Fedotov О.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2014

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vol. 12(12)

29-33

EN

This paper examines the fight against terrorism and the classification of terrorist attacks. Mass and geographic prevalence of terrorist acts and their output in most cases beyond one particular country, as well as the availability of sustainable and carefully conspiratorial network connection between different terrorist groups that operate even in different regions of the world to characterize contemporary terrorism as a phenomenon having an international character.

9

„PAŃSTWO ISLAMSKIE” I JEGO WPŁYW NA AKTUALNE BEZPIECZEŃSTWO MIĘDZYNARODOWE

80%

MACHNIAK A.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

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2016

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issue 4(14)

127-140 (15)

EN

The Islamic State was established as a result of many political, social and economic factors. It is currently the strongest terrorist structure in the world, which has support among the Islamic community across the globe. IS is a creation, which destabilizes the situation in the Middle East and threatens international security. Only the creation of a single international coalition sharing a common military and political policy against the IS can lead to the neutralization of this threat.

10

Terroryzm w II RP – Ukraińska Wojskowa Organizacja i Organizacja Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów

80%

Kulińska L.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

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2016

|

issue 2

87-108

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest zjawisku terroryzmu nacjonalistycznych organizacji ukraińskich działających w Polsce w okresie międzywojennym (1918–1939). Odrodzona Rzeczpospolita była zmuszona do obrony, ponieważ Ukraińcy podważali legalność posiadania i zarządzania przez Rzecząpospolitą dzielnicami kresowymi – w tym Małopolską Wschodnią i Wołyniem – i obarczali Polaków winą za nieszczęścia i krzywdy, jakie dotknęły ich w przeszłości. Nasilający się nacjonalizm ukraiński zniwelował podejmowane przez władze polskie próby rozwiązania problemów politycznych i gospodarczych dzielnic wschodnich. Czy jednak upadek Polski w roku 1939 był dla ukraińskich obywateli Polski okolicznością pomyślną

EN

The article discusses the issue of terrorism carried out by nationalist Ukrainian organizations in Poland in the interwar period (1918–1939). The reborn Republic of Poland was forced to defend itself, when it was faced with the threat. The Ukrainian nationalists continuously undermined the legality of the Polish ownership and management of the eastern borderlands, including Eastern Malopolska and Volhynia. The Ukrainians blamed Poland for the abortive attempts to create their own national state, which was unreasonable and unjustified. The escalating Ukrainian nationalism effectively destroyed all attempts undertaken by the Polish authorities to solve the political and economic problems of the eastern provinces. But was the collapse of Poland in 1939 indeed such a positive turn of events for the Ukrainian, as suggested by the Ukrainian nationalists?

11

Anti-terrorist tasks of the Polish Armed Forces in situations of threats in the air and sea – a legal approach

80%

Kośka M.

Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego

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2022

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vol. 14

|

issue 26

378-393

EN

The article discusses the tasks carried out by the Polish Armed Forces to counter terrorist threats occurring in the airspace and maritime areas. The author analyzed legal acts that may contain regulations concerning the mentioned tasks. Listing counterterrorism tasks allows them to be systematized and can contribute to better preparation to counter threats.

12

Special Approaches Against Terrorist Acts – The Banks’ Obligation to Counteract Money Laundering Pursuant to the Polish Banking Law

80%

Banaszyńska J.

Studia Iuridica

|

2016

|

vol. 67

191-203

EN

One of the main issues connected with terrorism – a “crime without borders”, a complex phenomenon the definition of which has proven elusive, is terrorism financing and money laundering. The Polish legislator – in the Polish Banking Law – imposes on banks (within the scope of their legal definition) a duty of counteracting money laundering and terrorism financing, which corresponds with the significant role of banks and other financial institutions when it comes to the prevention of terrorist crimes. On the basis of the Act on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing, a special system was created – the aim of the regulations is to facilitate successful performance by banks of their duties. In the Act, the office of the General Inspector of Financial Information was created, with an important task of controlling the realization of banks’ duties, as well as cooperation with relevant services and improvement of international antiterrorist activity. Beyond any doubt, the functioning of the Polish system could be guaranteed by broader legal and institutional frameworks on an international level, the achievement of which is contingent upon the activity of the European Union and the United Nations. A significant element in the fight against terrorism financing crimes is also proper training of the banking sector employees and officers, as well as ensuring proper communication and cooperation between them.

13

The Essence of Terrorism

80%

Zubrzycki W.

Internal Security

|

2020

|

vol. 12(1)

151-165

EN

The area of content to which the term “terrorism” refers is very broad and is also the subject of numerous studies. However, the results indicate significant discrepancies in the understanding of the term, resulting not only in an ambiguous perception, but above all in the lack of a generally accepted definition of the phenomenon. Researchers see it as an ideology, as well as a strategy, tactics or method of fighting, and finally as a tool for achieving the goals set. The validity of the meaning assigned to them has been verified by analysing the definitions of individual concepts, and in the search for the scope of meaning of the word terrorism, the terms that are indicated as its synonyms have also been used. The research conducted indicated political motivation as a feature distinguishing a terrorist from an ordinary criminal. Terrorists try to influence the power of a given country, also aiming at causing disturbances in its decision-making processes and, as a result, paralysing the state apparatus. The main characteristic of terrorism is the use of violence, which can take the form of any behaviour that results in the creation of a state of fear and danger in the human psyche. The purpose of terrorism is, therefore, to deliberately arouse and exploit fear, and its far-reaching psychological consequences go well beyond the immediate victims. Arousing fear in a society of the likelihood of a terrorist attack aims to force a government, organisation or social group to take or abandon certain actions. The adoption of such a tactic of action is an effect of disproportions, concerning both quantitative parameters of military potentials and factors determining the level of civilisation, and the differences lie in both the way of thinking and views, as well as the method of conducting a fight. In such a context, the power of terrorism comes from surprise, brutality and a task of the greatest possible loss in the shortest possible time, using unconventional methods. Unfortunately, the use of terrorist methods has become widespread and the threat of terrorism has become global.

14

Terrorism in the Context of Conflicts in the Modern World

80%

Zubrzycki W.

Internal Security

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2019

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vol. 11(1)

121-132

EN

Contrary to popular expectations, armed conflicts persisted after the end of World War II. Some countries are fighting for independence, others for influence, and others are experiencing civil wars. This is determined by cultural, ethnic and religious differences. The modern world is tormented by many conflicts which, despite their regional scope, have an impact on the political and military situation on the entire globe. The functioning of formal borders that do not coincide with national borders, the low sense of nationality compared to ethnicity, poverty and political instability are also conducive to the use of terrorist methods. Terrorism is almost as old as civilisation. However, unlike in the past, today’s terrorists use violence on an unprecedented scale. Terrorism in many cases shows its regional specificity, varying according to the cultural and civilisation area in which it occurs. Reasons for resorting to terrorist methods may be a need for freedom, protection of one’s heritage, sense of harm done by the occupier, a need to express dissatisfaction with the political system or changes being made, or, finally, a mere desire to draw attention to the problems of countries and societies that have not yet been noticed or have been ignored by public opinion. Religion is also a frequent reason for resorting to terrorism. Contemporary terrorism is represented mainly by extremist Islamic fundamentalism and is based on the clash of two cultures. It is a global threat, and anyone can become its potential victim today. Numerous signals of the emergence of new, hitherto unknown organisations prove that in the future, unfortunately, the escalation of the phenomenon will have to be taken into account.

15

Tourist development between security and terrorism: empirical evidence from Europe and the United States

80%

Stankova M., Tsvetkov T., Ivanova L.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2019

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vol. 10

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issue 2

219-237

EN

Research background: Today's world is torn between extreme conservatism and duality, in opposition, trying to break the classical framework of freedom in the movement of people. In the context of complex global relations, this impulse, especially related to the travels for tourism purposes, raises new issues concerning the safety and security. The tourism industry has a priority for the economic development of many countries in the world and is a large source of export earnings and, at the same time, an important factor in the balance of payments of a significant part of the national economies in the world. The growing importance of the tourism industry, however, puts tourist destinations worldwide at the forefront of new challenges, one of which is terrorism. In this environment, new relationships are emerging and this reflects on the development strategies, as well as on the financial outcomes of tourism industry which are also largely affected. Purpose of the article: Respecting the new realities, the study explores the link between the risk of terrorism and the revenues from international tourism. Its main purpose is to investigate the impact of terrorism on the financial revenues from tourism in the European countries and the United States. The research is deter-mined by the perception that the financial flows from the international tourism are the quantitative manifestation of the hidden effects of the terrorism. Methods: The research method includes a regression cross-section analysis and Granger Causality test. The survey is panel and includes 37 countries from Europe tourism region and the United States from Americas' tourism region (according UNWTO) for the period 2012?2017. Findings & Value added: In conclusion, the effects of terrorism on the studied regions have been summarized, establishing dependence between terrorism and tourism, which illustrates a specific creative-destructive reflections of terrorism on tourism with regions particularities.

16

Kobiety terrorystki potencjalnym zagrożeniem bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego

80%

Rudnicka M.

Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne

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2017

|

issue 1(24)

129-138

EN

The article presents silhouettes of female terrorists, but also motives for their actions or ways of recruiting new fighters. The author highlights the reasons for women becoming women in the structure of terrorist groups and analyzes the motives of unlawful behavior of women. The fact is that in today’s world there are significant numbers of Islamic terrorists. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the role played by women in society and other aspects of life as well as in terrorist organizations.

17

Użyteczna czy bezużyteczna? Bomba atomowa w twórczości Jacka Dukaja

80%

Dawidowicz-Chymkowska O.

Przegląd Humanistyczny

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2017

|

vol. 61(1 (456))

101-107

PL

The article discusses the way of functioning of an atomic bomb in Jacek Dukaj’s works. A lot of attention is particularly paid to the analysis of the functions the A-bomb fulfils in this writer’s contemporary novel – Xavras Wyżryn. It is indicated that Dukaj used mainly symbolic power of atomic weapons in this work. The system of negative associations and emotions relating to these weapons clashed with the Polish messianic tradition of struggle for independence, which served as a basis for reflection on the issue of terrorism. In Dukaj’s novel, an atomic bomb is not the part of a coherent futurological vision or the basis for a deeper reflection concerning the civilization threats. In the writer’s later works, in which the reflection is clearly present, nuclear weapons no longer play a significant role. The threats presented are of different nature: they are connected with genetic, memetic or ecological experiments. The example of Dukaj’s works – the way in which the atomic weapons are present and absent in it – is a starting point for a hypothesis on the reduced attractiveness of nuclear weapons as a motif of the fantasy literature. Although they still carry a huge emotional load, at present the civilization concerns, which expressed themselves as the fear of nuclear weapons – e.g. the fear of excessive power of the mankind, the fear of selfdestruction or the changes taking place in the human species, to a great extent have shifted elsewhere.

18

Terrorism and investment in Africa: Exploring the role of military expenditure

80%

Iheonu C. O., Ichoku H. E.

Economics and Business Review

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2022

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vol. 8

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issue 2

92-112

EN

The aim of this study is to investigate the inuflence of military expenditure on the relationship between terrorism and investment in twenty-four African countries for the period 2001 to 2018. The study utilizes xfied eefcts regression with Driscoll and Kraay standard error and cushions the eefct of simultaneity and reverse causality us ing the lags of the regressors as instruments. eTh empirical results reveal the negative eefct of terrorism on both domestic investment and foreign direct investment (FDI). The study further reveals a negative net eefct of military expenditure on the relation ship between terrorism and investment. Furthermore, it was discovered that a threshold of 2% to 5% of military expenditure in GDP is required for military expenditure to osfet the negative eefct of terrorism on FDI. eTh study recommends that counterterrorism initiatives be tailored more towards inclusive growth policies, increasing access to education, and improving the quality of governance.

19

The paradox of democratic strengthening: Criminalisation of political terrorism as a legal discrediting mechanism

80%

Couto de Brito A., Moraes J.

Ius Novum

|

2023

|

vol. 17

|

issue 3 ENG

32-46

PL

This article explores the Brazilian legal system in light of recent proposals to amend the antiterrorism law, a move amplified by the country’s political instability, which culminated on 8th January 2023, when supporters of the former president invaded government buildings on the pretext of contesting election results. The essay examines whether these amendment proposals align with the principles of our constitutional democracy and their potential to foster genuine democratic reinforcement.

20

ZJAWISKO TERRORYZMU WE WSPÓŁCZESNYM ŚWIECIE

80%

Olak A., Krauz A.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2014

|

vol. 15(15)

188-202

EN

Terrorism is a phenomenon historically variable, multi-faceted and dynamic occurring in various forms. It is difficult at present to define a uniform definition of terrorism, which is changing under the influence of civilization, especially the rapid scientific and technical progress. Terrorists perfectly use the latest means of communication, mass media, modern communication technology and computers. The purpose of this article is therefore an approximation of the phenomenon and ways to combat it.

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