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EN
The growing impact of textuality in the classical Greece seems to be generally accepted view. However, the importance of the written text as an autonomous mean of transmission in different spheres of life in Athens in the IV century BC is more complex phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to present a general sketch of this issue with particular emphasis on politics and individuals whose ambition was to have a real impact on the current affairs. In this context the activity of Isocrates and his self-consciousness provides especially interesting material for debate.
EN
The controversy about form focus versus content focus or lexicality versus textuality and the relevance of the respective chosen degree of contextualization of the teaching material for successful L2 vocabulary acquisition is still considered unresolved. While on the one hand Krashen with his input hypothesis (1985 ff.) and the work that followed him (e.g., Wu 2010, Yang 2011, Jergerski 2021, Lichtman/VanPatten 2021, Lowen 2021) advocate content-oriented vocabulary work, other researchers such as Laufer (et al. 2009, 2010, 2017a,b), Spada (2011), Shintani (2013), Yang/Shintani/Li/Zang (2017), Kang/Sok/Han (2019), Sima (2019), McLean/Stoeckel (2021), Soodmand (2021) and other representatives of modern language teaching research argue for paying much more attention to form-oriented vocabulary work. One of the main reasons for this divergence may be that many empirical studies only cover a small database of a few test vocabulary items in observation periods that are also very limited in time, which severely limits gene- ralizable statements from the outset. This paper addresses this problem and discusses the possibilities of a computer-based longitudinal analysis and optimization of the complex learning conditions of L2 lexicon acquisition. The focus is on the extent to which the contrast of context isolation versus context integration of lexical learning material influences learning efficiency and success. The empirical data collected in the pilot study presented here (based on more than 107,000 computerized lexical learning and reactivation records) and their systematic analysis demonstrate that the dependence of lexical learning and reactivation performance on the chosen degree of contextualization is apparently much lower than propagated by both representatives of the input hypothesis and proponents of form-focusing.
EN
The science play is a well-established genre of dramatic writing in the Englishspeaking theatrical tradition. This paper discusses three full-length science plays by the prominent British playwright Tom Stoppard. These are Hapgood, Arcadia, and The Hard Problem. The plays are based on popular science sources and offer their audience an access to science. After providing a brief history of the science play and the science show, the paper shows that Stoppard develops the dramatic and theatrical traditions by involving science on the textual (giving popularised scientific knowledge in the form of dialogised lectures) and performative levels (demonstrating or illustrating science on stage), primarily to turn it into a metaphor of human behaviour. Hapgood and Arcadia further engage with science on the structural level, thus becoming thought experiments reflecting upon science. The most recent play, The Hard Problem, develops textual and performative strategies related to science but ceases to experiment with the form, leaving more space for the audience to draw ethical conclusions.
EN
In his novels, Pierre Senges (born in 1968) constantly questions the limits of the literary representation as he emphasizes the textual nature of any fictional world. Veuves au maquillage (2000) is a relatively continuous narrative of an unusual suicide planned by the protagonist-narrator as a methodic murder gradually committed on him by his six mistresses, the six jealous widows; whereas Études de silhouettes (2010) consists of a series of short texts, each based on a phrase from Kafka’s drafts, without any thematic bounds between them. In Senges’s universe, the borders become blurred between different possible worlds so that the reader does not get the possibility to determine whether any of these worlds has a priority over the others. His postmodern writing is a lesson and a practice of relativity of values and significations.
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EN
The objective of the study is to present Kant’s conception of copyright and publishing law. The author proceeds from two of Kant’s lesser-known texts, the article “On the Injustice of Reprinting Books” (“Von der Unrechtmäßigkeit des Büchernachdrucks“, 1785) and the treatise On Turning Out Books (Über die Buchmacherei, 1798), which he analyzes and interprets in relation to § 31 of Metaphysics of Morals (Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797), where Kant lays out and tries to answer the question “What is a book?” in the context of the discussions and conflicts of the period. On this basis, the author comes to the conclusion that Kant derives his conception of copyright and publishing law from his conception of the nature and function of the book as a manuscript and a printed text. It is further argued that the texts of Kant being scrutinized here can be additionally used for both historical as well as philosophical and systematic research of the issues related, on the one hand, to copyright and publishing law and, on the other, to the problematic of textuality and mediality, which is currently being discussed in the fields of systematic philosophy and the history of philosophy, including professional Kantian research.
CS
Cílem studie je představit Kantovo pojetí autorských a nakladatelských práv. Autor vychází ze dvou méně známých Kantových textů, článku „O neoprávněnosti padělání knih“ (1785) a spisu O výrobě knih (1798), které analyzuje a interpretuje ve vztahu k § 31 Metafyziky mravů (1797), kde Kant v návaznosti na dobové diskuse a spory klade a řeší otázku: „Co je kniha?“ Na tomto základě pak autor dospívá k závěru, že Kantovo pojetí autorských a nakladatelských práv je odvozeno z jeho pojetí podstaty a funkce knihy jakožto rukopisného a tištěného textu. Sledované Kantovy texty je dle autorova názoru možno dále využít jak k historickému, tak filosofickému a systematickému zkoumání otázek souvisejících na jedné straně s problematikou autorských a nakladatelských práv, na straně druhé s problematikou textuality a mediality, která je aktuálně diskutována na poli systematické filosofie i na poli dějin filosofie, včetně odborného kantovského bádání.
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EN
This paper aims at exploring the role of cohesion in persuading listeners through answering the following questions; what types of grammatical cohesive relations are displayed and what is their frequency of occurrence in the sampled text? and how does cohesion contribute to the creation and understanding of a text? A program for corpus analysis called (AntConc Tutorial (Ver. 3.2.4) developed by Laurence Anthony (Anthony, L., 2004) is used for analyzing the sample of this study which will be the speech of the Singaporean prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong, on the COVID-19 ‘New Normal’, on 31 May 2021 (Appendix A). The study devotes attention to the speech of the Singaporean prime minister on this occasion due to the importance of this event which occupied the world. This paper depends on Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) taxonomy of cohesive devices to analyze data.
EN
The paper analyses an Old East Slavic document – Грамота кн. Дмитрия Юрьевича в. кн. Василию Васильевичу in the context of its textuality. The language and structure of the text are described in order to prove that it can be analysed as a text in the meaning applied in modern text linguistics. Moreover, the paper shows that a wider investigation is necessary in order to prove its stylistic and genre features.
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2018
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vol. 23
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issue 2
127-137
EN
This article is an attempt to look at the latest novel by Dmitry Glukhovsky – Text – against the writer’s previous work. The author of the article draws attention to the continuous creative evolution of the Russian artist, as well as the wide range of his writing skills. The Text is a psychological novel that constitutes a successful marriage of classic themes, motifs or problems with what is current and strongly related to the progress of technology and changes in the perception of the reality. The author of the Text appears as a watchful observer of the world around him, who in his first realistic novel makes an accurate diagnosis of the condition of modern man.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę usytuowania ostatniej jak dotąd powieści Dmitrija Głuchowskiego – Tekst – na tle wcześniejszej twórczości pisarza. Autorka artykułu zwraca uwagę na nieustanną ewolucję twórczą rosyjskiego artysty, a także na szeroki wachlarz jego umiejętności warsztatowych. Tekst to powieść psychologiczna, stanowiąca udany mariaż klasycznych wątków, motywów czy problemów z tym, co aktualne, mocno związane z postępem techniki i zmianami w sposobie postrzegania rzeczywistości. Autor Tekstu jawi się jako baczny obserwator otaczającego świata, który w swej pierwszej realistycznej powieści dokonuje trafnej diagnozy kondycji współczesnego człowieka.
EN
This article analyses the standards of textuality (according to Beaugrande & Dressler 1981) of the Danish funerary inscriptions. The basis of the test is a corpus of 250 grave inscriptions arising in the period 1770-2003 from Copenhagen cemetery Assistens Kirkegård. The first part of the paper bases on the seven criteria of textuality: cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, and intertextuality. In the second part the study focuses on illocutionary structure and communicative functions and leads to the conclusion that the examined speech genre includes the most of the illocutionary speech acts: assertives, commissives, expressives and directives.
12
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Gry komputerowe jako hiperteksty

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EN
The article deals with the media-linguistic analysis of selected computer games, in particular focusing on the category of hypertextuality. Different types of computer games are analyzed, with the aim of demonstrating their media-conditioned heterogeneity. It will be examined whether they meet the criteria of hypertextuality and, if so, whether it is full or partial hypertextuality, i.e., whether a computer game is one hypertext as a whole or whether it is a creation composed of one or more hypertexts and possibly other elements. Within the scope of the analysis, it will also be verified whether computer games have specific features that distinguish them from the most popular form of hypertext – namely, from texts that are part of the WWW.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje mediolingwistyczną analizę gier komputerowych, która w sposób szczególny skoncentrowała się na kategorii hipertekstualności. Korpus badawczy stanowią gry komputerowe różnego rodzaju, aby jak najlepiej przedstawić ich medialnie uwarunkowaną heterogeniczność. Udzielona zostanie odpowiedź na pytanie, czy spełniają one kryteria hipertekstualności i, jeśli tak, czy jest to hipertekstualność pełna, czy też częściowa, tj. czy gra komputerowa stanowi jeden hipertekst jako całość, czy też jest ona tworem złożonym z jednego lub wielu hipertekstów i ewentualnych innych elementów. W ramach analizy zostanie również zweryfikowane, czy gry komputerowe wykazują cechy specyficzne, wyróżniające je na tle najbardziej popularnej formy hipertekstu, czyli tekstów będących częścią WWW.
IT
Il contributo analizza siccome nel passaggio dall’originario valore comparativo avverbiale, tuttora possibile, a quello di congiunzione che introduce una comparativa, documentato ab antiquo, a quello di congiunzione causale, ormai prevalente nell’uso corrente, specie nel parlato e nel trasmesso, ma non unanimemente considerato standard. Si propone quindi, sulla scia dei lavori di Mazzoleni (2007; 2012), un’analisi in diacronia del siccome, in cui, accanto alle indicazioni tratte da opere lessicografiche del passato (le edizioni del Vocabolario della Crusca, Tommaseo & Bellini, ma anche Tommaseo 1840; Ugolini 1848) e del presente (Battaglia 1961-2002, Sabatini & Coletti 1997, De Mauro 1999), nonché da grammatiche antiche (Soave 1771; Fornaciari 1881) e moderne (Battaglia & Pernicone 1968²; Serianni 1989), si analizzerà la documentazione tratta da corpora diacronici dell’italiano scritto, che potrà attestare i diversi valori di siccome nel corso del tempo. Studiando un caso di Grammaticalizzazione, si cercherà di offrire spunti di riflessione sull’evoluzione della norma grammaticale e sulle variazioni nell’uso, nel quadro complesso della storia dell’italiano.
EN
The study considers siccome from an etymological point of view and observes the morphosyntactic and semantic value of this key word in written Italian through a diachronic perspective. It discusses the evolution of siccome from being a comparative adverb, to a comparative conjunction, to a causal conjunction, and how its actual meaning is not considered standard by everyone, although currently it is used in spoken and transmitted Italian. On the basis of Mazzoleni’s studies, the essay analyses siccome through the old lexicographies (the various editions of the Vocabolario della Crusca; Tommaseo and Bellini; Tommaseo, 1840; Ugolini, 1848) and the modern dictionaries (Battaglia, 1961–2002; Sabatini and Coletti, 1997; De Mauro, 1999); also, it takes into account older and more recent grammars (Soave, 1771; Fornaciari, 1881; Battaglia and Pernicone, 1968; Serianni, 1989) as well as several documents taken from various diachronic corpora of written Italian, in an attempt to show every single meaning of siccome over time. By studying this case of grammaticalisation, I offer some insights and cues about the history of Italian grammar, about its variations in use, and how this affected the linguistic norm throughout the complex history of the Italian language.
EN
The article sets out to analyze new forms of relationships between a text and its additions: an entertainment supersystem based on transmedial interactivity (a concept developed by Marsha Kinder); transmedial storytelling (a concept taken from Henry Jenkins); and the cultural universe (my own concept based on the rich literature on the topic). These theories are presented as a kind of process of obliterating the boundaries between textuality and mediality in contemporary popular literature and popular culture.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza nowych form relacji między tekstem a jego dodatkami: supersystemem rozrywkowym opartym na transmedialnej interaktywności (koncepcja Marshy Kinder); opowiadaniem transmedialnymo (koncepcja Henry’ego Jenkinsa); uniwersum kulturowym (koncepcja własna na podstawie bogatej literatury przedmiotu). Teorie te zostały zaprezentowane jako pewnego rodzaju proces polegający na zacieraniu się granic między tekstualnością a medialnością we współczesnej literaturze i kulturze popularnej.
EN
The article aims to present a reflexion on The Autonomous Responsive System and possibilities of automated dispute resolution. The relation between rational choice and legal efficiency seems to be the first dilemma. The rational choice is created by distinction of algorithms and discourses. The legal efficiency means transparency. Social interpretation of law appears as the result of the three-stage analytical sequence. Functionalism explores the elaboration of further relations. Automated decision-making System is impossible without understanding correlation between standards and alternatives. Standards are based on received signals. Alternatives indicate potential strategies of social doing. Multitude and limited predictability of strategies disturbs responsiveness of the System. The postmodern perspective is connected with constant change. Social challenges of the Enlightenment are topical, however, require a new methodological approach. The Autonomic Responsive System should elaborate a reaction on practical choices of signals’ receivers—it means—understand human nature. There are two way to send signals socially: persuasion and normative emphasis. A constant change causes the spillover of practices and the dissemination of notions. The discourse has an impact on the communication loop. Marxist discursive element is focused on superstructure and the Supplementary Logic. Institutionalism and the rule of practices in social context are analyzed by nietzschean discursive element. The axiological openness assumes the multicentric orientation toward a factual state. The Automatic Responsive System appears to be an inevitable consequence of the autopoietic law.
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"You Shall Tell Your Sons!”

51%
PL
Nauczyciele i szkoły stale konfrontują się z wyzwaniem nauczania młodzieży narracji biblijnej. Źródło tych wyzwań może być przypisane wielu różnym czynnikom. Najpierw są nimi luki historyczne i kulturowe między tekstem antycznym i nowoczesnym audytorium. Po drugie, jest nim luka kulturowa między szkołami, nauczycielami i nową generacją uczniów, która należy do pierwszego pokolenia urodzonego w XXI w. Po trzecie, trudne wydaje się dotarcie do uczniów dorastających w świecie kształtowanym przez rzeczywistość wirtualną i przez tzw. influencerów. Zarówno opisana sytuacja, jak i wspomniana luka kulturowa ulegają pogorszeniu przez kryzys pandemii koronawirusa: cały świat znajduje się w lockdownie, wiele ludzi na długi czas zostało zmuszonych do używania mediów społecznościowych i wirtualnej rzeczywistości. Na tym tle niniejszy artykuł proponuje metodę nauczania albo ujęcie, które może umożliwić nauczycielom większą skuteczność w nauczaniu i mieć większe znaczenie, aby przybliżyć uczniom świat narracji biblijnej, dostarczając alternatywnych znaczeń w modelowaniu ich sposobów myślenia i kształtowania ich tożsamości.
EN
Teachers and schools are facing constantly challenges in teaching biblical narratives for the young. The source of these challenges can be ascribed to many different things. First, there are historical and cultural gaps between the ancient texts and the modern audience. Second, there is a cultural gap between the schools, teachers and the new generation of students who belong to the first generation to be born in the 21st century. Third, it seems difficult to reach students growing up in a world shaped by the virtual reality and by the so-called “influencers”. Both the described situation and the mentioned cultural gap are getting even worse since the beginning of corona-crisis: the whole world is found in lockdown, many are obliged to use social media and virtual reality for a long period. Against this background, the present paper suggests a teaching attitude or approach which could enable the teachers to be more effective in teaching and more importantly, to bring the world of biblical narratives closer to students, providing alternative means of shaping their way of thinking and forming their identity.
DE
In dem vorliegenden Text wird der Übersetzungsprozess juristischer Texte analysiert. Zunächst definiert der Verfasser juristische Texte und hebt hervor eine besondere Verantwortung, die mit dem Übersetzen dieser Texte einhergeht.Im ersten Schritt wird die Verbindung zwischen Recht und Staat unterstrichen und darauf hingewiesen, dass dies begriffliche und mithin terminologische Unterschiede bewirkt. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden kontrastive Methoden in den Mittelpunkt gestellt: die Rechtsvergleichung und der terminologische Vergleich. Voraussetzungen beider Herangehensweisen werden erörtert in bezug auf Übersetzung juristischer Texte. Im letzten Schritt betont wird die Rolle von sieben Kriterien der Textualität im Übersetzungsprozess.Das Ziel des vorliegenden Textes ist es, die Bedeutung kontrastiver Methoden und der Textualitätskriterien für Übersetzung juristischer Texte hervorzuheben. In Fokus geraten hier diejenigen Übersetzungsaspekte, die es ermöglichen, einen mit dem Ausgangstext funktional äquivalenten Zieltext zu erstellen.
EN
This paper focuses on legal translation. First, the author defines legal texts and points to particular responsibility related with legal translation resulting from the status of these texts. Turning to the aspects of translation, the author underlines the boundness of each legal system to the country it is in force. At the same time, he points to the conceptual and terminological uniqueness resulting from this boundness. Against this backdrop, the premisses of, both, the comparative law and comparative terminology are presented. With regard to legal translation the similarities and differences existing between both comparative approaches are stated. In the final step, the author points to the importance of seven standards of textuality in legal translation. The purpose of the present paper is to emphasize the importance of the comparative approach and of the textuality for legal translation. The Author stresses here these aspects of translation which allow the  target text to become a functional equivalent to the source text.
PL
Niniejszy tekst dotyczy translacji tekstów prawniczych. Autor definiuje pojęcie tekstów tego rodzaju i zwraca uwagę na wynikającą z ich statusu szczególną odpowiedzialność związaną z ich przekładem. W tekście podkreślony jest ścisły związek prawa z krajem, w którym ono obowiązuje i wynikająca z tego unikalność konceptualno-terminologiczna. Na tym tle przedstawione są kwestie dotyczące metod kontrastywnych: komparatystyki prawniczej i terminologicznej. Autor wskazuje cechy obu komparatystyk i podkreśla istniejące między nimi różnice i podobieństwa. Założenia obu metod porównawczych są odniesione do przekładu tekstów prawniczych. W ostatnim kroku autor podkreśla rolę siedmiu kryteriów tekstualności w procesie przekładu. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest wskazanie na istotę analizy porównawczej oraz aspektów tekstualności w przekładzie tekstów prawniczych. Autor zwraca uwagę na te aspekty przekładu, które umożliwiają sporządzenie translatu równoważnego z tekstem źródłowym pod względem funkcjonalnym.
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2016
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vol. 6
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issue 4
611-654
EN
In the present article, the author argues for the usefulness and importance of rhetoric and socio-rhetoric for the reading of the New Testament texts. Part I is dedicated to the rhetorical approach. The point of departure are the remarks of the Pontifical Biblical Commission on the questionable rhetorical education of biblical authors, on may kinds of rhetoric, and on the limited applicability of rhetoric to the analysis of biblical text. The author answers the objections raised against the rhetorical method and argues for the use of Greco-Roman rhetoric as the compositional instrument closest to the cultural milieu of the New Testament authors. The Greco-Roman rhetoric presents itself as the best tool to explore the texture of biblical writings characterized by high residual orality. To substantiate it, the author shows the recent change of paradigm in the approach to the oral tradition and textuality in the Bible. Part I of the article finishes with the elaboration and exposition of the basic steps of rhetorical analysis proposed by George A. Kennedy.
PL
In the present article the author argues for the usefulness and importance of rhetoric and socio-rhetoric in reading the New testament texts. Part I is dedicated to the rhetorical approach. The point of departure are the remarks of Pontifical Biblical Commission on the questionable rhetorical education of biblical authors, on may kinds of rhetoric, and on the limited applicability of rhetoric to the analysis of biblical text. The author answers the objections raised against the rhetorical method and argues for the use of Greco-Roman rhetoric as the compositional instrument closest to the cultural milieu of the New Testament authors. The Greco-Roman rhetoric presents itself as the best tool to explore the texture of biblical writings characterized by high residual orality. To substantiate it, the author shows the recent change of paradigm in the approach to the oral tradition and textuality in the Bible. Part I of the article finishes with the elaboration and exposition of the basic steps of rhetorical analysis proposed by George A. Kennedy.
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