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For the majority of Leftists in the 1960s, the Soviet Union ceased to be intellectually and ideologically inspiring. Both Soviet Communism and Western capitalism at that time represented “the System” which offered universal manipulability and universal marketability as its only alternative modes. Thus, the Left searched for authentic socialism, whether in the Marxist-humanist philosophy, in the Third World revolutions, or in the local socialist traditions. However, even though the global Left faced several general problems common to all Cold War worlds, there were also important contextual differences which prevented the common base from further development.     Following this general context, this article will focus on the Left in Czechoslovakia and in the USA, particularly on the question whether the Czechoslovak reform movement of the late 1960s was inspiring for various groups on the US Left. With regard to the U.S. left-wing reactions to the Prague Spring or to the resistance of Czechoslovak people against the Warsaw Pact invasion, the article will pay attention especially to the discursive dichotomy of authentic socialism vs. counter-revolution.
EN
In the end of October 1967, a spontaneous demonstrations of students protesting against poor living conditions in Prague’s Strahov Dormitory, was quashed with force. The author asks a question why something seemingly as trivial as a power blackout in a student dormitory resulted, at the end of the day, in the disintegration of structures of the Czechoslovak Union of Youth at universities. In doing so, he follows the grammar of the social conflict through a prism of social movement formation and of the so-called politics of the street. The author describes a shift in the attitude of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia toward students in the 1960s, as the latter started assigning greater importance to intelligentsia than before, embarking upon the so-called policy of trust toward students, its aim being to make them more involved in solutions of university and social problems. The author also notes a step-by-step emancipation of students and the emergence of an idea of self-governing students’ bodies, independent on official structures which were criticized as non-functional. In this respect, the author analyses conflicts with security forces during youth and students’ festivities in Prague (such as May Day gatherings in the Petřín Park and later during Majáles (“Coming of May festivities”) processions, ultimately ending in punishments of students labelled as “rioters”. He states that the confrontations taught students to adopt strategies helping them avoid repressions (such as avoiding any “disorderly conduct”, not criticizing the ruling party and the Soviet Union directly, having their own stewards to maintain order); on the other hand, the security machine learnt to respect the students’ authority and to behave with restraint. The result was a consensus on how to manage the social conflict and keep it non-violent. The tacit agreement of university students, police, and leaders of the Czechoslovak Union of Youth collapsed when policemen intervened with force against an unplanned and peaceful demonstration of students from the Strahov Dormitory, who had long been trying in vain to resolve their accommodation problems. After two months of investigations, none of the protesters or the intervening policemen were punished; however, requirements of students, such as the right to similar protests or inviolability of the academic soil, were not granted as well. Students blamed the leadership of the Czechoslovak Union of Youth for the unsatisfactory outcome, and started to leave its structures en masse. In 1968, they founded their own self-governing organization, independent on both the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the Czechoslovak Union of Youth.
CS
Na konci října 1967 byla násilně potlačena spontánní studentská demonstrace, která upozorňovala na špatné materiální podmínky na Strahovských kolejích v Praze. Autor si v tomto textu klade otázku, proč na první pohled banální událost, jakou byl výpadek elektrického proudu na studentských kolejích, vedla ve svém důsledku k rozpadu vysokoškolské organizace při Československém svazu mládeže. Sleduje přitom gramatiku sociálního konfliktu pohledem utváření sociálního hnutí a takzvané politiky ulice. Autor přibližuje posun v poměru Komunistické strany Československa vůči studentstvu v šedesátých letech minulého století, která inteligenci nyní přiznávala větší význam v socialistické společnosti než dříve a nastolila vůči studentstvu takzvanou politiku důvěry, s cílem zapojit je více do řešení vysokoškolských i společenských problémů. Spolu s tím autor zaznamenává pozvolnou emancipaci studentstva a zrod myšlenky studentských samosprávných orgánů nezávislých na oficiálních strukturách, jež byly kritizovány jako nefunkční. V dané souvislosti autor analyzuje konflikty, které nastávaly při mládežnických a studentských slavnostech v Praze (na prvomájových shromážděních v Petřínských sadech a posléze při majálesových průvodech) s bezpečnostními složkami a jež měly posléze dohru v podobě postihu studentů a studentek označených jako „výtržníci“. Konstatuje, že prostřednictvím těchto konfrontací si jednak studenti osvojili strategie, jak se vyhnout represím (vyvarovat se projevů „výtržnictví“, nekritizovat přímo vládnoucí stranu a Sovětský svaz, zajišťovat pořádek díky vlastní pořadatelské službě), jednak se bezpečnostní aparát naučil respektovat autoritu studentských orgánů a chovat se zdrženlivě. Ustavil se tak jistý konsenzus ve zvládání sociálního konfliktu a jeho udržování v nenásilných mezích. Tato nepsaná dohoda mezi vysokoškoláky, Veřejnou bezpečností a vedením ČSM se zhroutila, když policisté tvrdě zasáhli proti neplánované pokojné demonstraci studentů a studentek Strahovských kolejí, kteří se dlouhodobě marně snažili řešit své problémy s ubytováním. Po dvouměsíčním vyšetřování nebyl potrestán nikdo ze studujících ani pořádkových sil, zároveň ale nebyly vyslyšeny studentské požadavky jako právo na podobné protesty nebo nedotknutelnost akademické půdy. Za viníka neuspokojivého výsledku vysokoškoláci označili vedení ČSM, hromadně poté vystupovali z jeho struktur a v roce 1968 utvořili novou studentskou samosprávu nezávislou na KSČ i ČSM.
EN
This article deals with various aspects of the ‘politics of translation’ in connection with the book When the Cage Keeps Falling (subtitle The Mutual Correspondence of Antonín Přidal and Jan Zábrana, 1963–1984). The political dimension concerns translation in the narrowest sense of the word, but also the choice of text and its reception in the cultural feld, communication with the publisher, number of copies and distribution, as well as (during the period of normalization) translation under foreign names, cancellation of contracts, and the relationship between the book market and samizdat. With this aim, the author works through various examples of Zábrana’s translations from Russian in the broader context of political phenomena and strategies. These examples, in the fnal analysis, appear exceptional insofar as Russian literature was the subject of increased ideological interest during the period under review.
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