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EN
There are three types of Bulgarian diaspora in Southeastern Europe (in Bessarabia, on the north coast of the Sea of Azov, and in the Crimea).The Bulgarians in Bessarabia are well known and described in scientific literature. The remaining two types are barely known even in Bulgaria itself. Though the first traces of Bulgarian people in the area of our concern are earlier, the presently existing diaspora arose as a result of mass and top-down displacement actions organized by the Russian authorities in the nineteenth century. All three types of Bulgarian diaspora were affected to varying degrees by turbulent history of the inhabited region. The fate of the Bulgarians in the Crimea and in the Sea of Azov region was the most tragic, whereas better fate met the Bulgarians in Bessarabia. It is no wonder, then, that despite many adversities, they (together with the Gagauz) still occupy the area of compact settlement in Southern Moldova and in the Odessa Oblast in Ukraine. Due to the limited scope, the text has, most of all, an informative character for Polish reader. The article presents the existence of this interesting part of Bulgarian nation which has lived far from its old homeland for over two hundred years. The aim of this text is also to encourage further profound scientific research (above all in the historical, ethnological, sociological, linguistic studies, but also in political sciences, and others).
PL
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PL
Konflikt rosyjsko-ukraiński charakteryzuje się jako logiczne zakończenie geostrategii rewanżu, którą w ciągu długiego czasu była opracowywana przez decydentów z Kremla. Akcentowane jest, że agresja Rosji przeciwko Ukrainie zademonstrowała lekceważenie przez Rosję prawa międzynarodowego i zagroziła bezpieczeństwu międzynarodowemu. Artykuł poddaje pod analizę strukturę, treść, właściwości i skutki rosyjsko-ukraińskiej „wojny hybrydowej”.
EN
The Ukrainian-Russian conflict is being characterized as a logical end of the revenge geostrategy, which has been working out for a long period of time by representatives of power in Kremlin. It is emphasized that Russian aggression against Ukraine has demonstrated neglect towards the international right and has put in danger the world’s safety. The structure, the content, peculiarities and consequences of Russian-Ukrainian “hybrid war” are being ascertaining.
EN
The Russian annexation of Crimea undertaken in March 2014 violated basic principles of international law and created a dangerous precedent which constitutes a serious threat of the global dimension. Russian authorities are trying to justify its decision using unconvincing demographic, historical, humanitarian and legal arguments evoking in a flirtatious way the independence of Kosovo as an alleged precedent for the annexation of the Crimea. The Russian authorities, citing the similarity between Kosovo and the Crimea are using arguments which prove to be very doubtful if the two cases are fairly compared. In fact, the reference to the term “precedent” is justified, but with regard to the Crimea itself. Its annexation may indeed be the basis for similar actions of Russia undertaken against other countries of the former Soviet Union. Secondly, the annexation of the Crimea brought the issue of “neutral” (open-ended) attitude of some countries to the integrity of other states. It may in the future be used as an excuse by some countries, such as China, to unilaterally annex the disputed territories. In this way, the current international system and the world order can be gravely undermined.
RU
В статье раскрываются основные этапы административного устройства Крыма в составе Российской империи, особенности территориального деления и специфика организации управления. Автором выявлено, что на всем протяжении изучаемого периода административное структурирование Крыма осуществлялось в соответствии с политическими и экономическими интересами российского правительства в регионе. К началу XX в. основными территориальными единицами здесь являлись следующие: губерния, уезды, волости, города, селения. Особую роль в регионе играли города, ставшие важнейшими административными, политическими, экономическими и культурными центрами. В управленческой политике правительства так же, как и в других окраинах Российской империи, сменялись такие направления как централизм и регионализм, попытки полного слияния во всех сферах жизни с внутренними губерниями с одной стороны, а с другой — учета местной специфики, обычаев и традиций народов, населяющих этот край
EN
The article describes the main stages of the administrative structure of the Crimea within the Russian Empire, the particularities of the territorial division and the specifics of the organization of management. The author revealed that throughout the study period, the administrative structuring of the Crimea was carried out in accordance with the political and economic interests of the Russian government in the region. By the beginning of the XX century the main territorial units here were the following: province, counties, townships, cities, villages. The cities that became the most important administrative, political, economic and cultural centers played a special role in the region. In the management policy of the government, as well as in other suburbs of the Russian empire, such directions as centralism and regionalism, attempts to completely merge in all spheres of life with internal gubernias on the one hand, and on the other - taking into account local specifics, customs and traditions of peoples, inhabiting this land.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia główne etapy formowania struktury administracyjnej Krymu w ramach Imperium Rosyjskiego, cechy podziału terytorialnego i specyfikę organizacji zarządzania. Autor wykazał, że przez cały badany okres polityka administracyjna Krymu była prowadzona zgodnie z interesami politycznymi i gospodarczymi rosyjskiego rządu w regionie. Do początku XX wieku głównymi jednostkami terytorialnymi były tutaj: gubernia, powiat, włość, miasto, wieś. Miasta, które stały się najważniejszymi ośrodkami administracyjnymi, politycznymi, gospodarczymi i kulturalnymi, odegrały szczególną rolę w regionie. W polityce administracyjnej władz rosyjskich, podobnie jak w innych częściach Imperium, ścierały się centralizm i regionalizm: z jednej strony próby całkowitego połączenia wszystkich dziedzin życia z prowincjami wewnętrznymi, z drugiej strony – uwzględnianie specyfiki lokalnej, zwyczajów i tradycji narodów zamieszkując tę ziemię.
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