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EN
State aid in the European Union has become one of the most important areas of competition law (perhaps it may even be regarded a separate area of law), although it is based only on a few provisions of primary EU law. These are Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)1 , which define the scope of the competence, substance and procedure in this area of law, as well as the institutions responsible for its implementation, including the review of granted state aid. This article focuses on the issues relating to the application of the rules on competence and procedure in order to determine the extent of the powers of the European Commission (‘EC’ or ‘Commission’) as regards the freedom to grant state aid and review the competences of EU Member States in that area.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję Nowego Zarządzania Publicznego. Koncepcja ta postuluje przenoszenie elementów dobrych praktyk, wypracowanych w sektorze prywatnym, na grunt organizacji publicznych. Polegają one m.in. na wdrażaniu decentralizacji, dekoncentracji, zmianie sposobu motywowania pracowników, zorientowaniu na klienta oraz racjonalnego zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi.
EN
The paper presents the concept of the New Public Management. This concept calls for moving the elements of good practice - worked out in private sector - onto the grounds of public sector. Good practice consists of in particular: implementation of decentralization, deconcentration, changing the way of motivating employees, customer orientation and rational management of human resources.
EN
The crisis in relations between Russia and Ukraine, and the related increase in tensions between the Russian Federation and the European Union countries, reverberated in the Balkan Peninsula. Individual countries in the region have reacted in various ways to the new situation and changes in the international balance of power. This paper analyzes the manner in which the Ukrainian crisis has affected the international situation of the Republic of Serbia. Serbia found itself within the circle of political influence between the European Union and the Russian Federation. Serbian authorities refused to join the EU sanctions imposed on Russia; at the same time, they received President Vladimir Putin and politicians subjected to international sanctions, such as the President of the State Duma Sergey Naryshkin, in Belgrade. This has been reflected in the reports of the European Commission on Serbia’s progress towards the integration with the EU. Despite the apparent exacerbation of polarization in the European political arena, Serbia is striving to find the balance between the EU and the Russian Federation. Serbian representatives even made proposals suggesting that Serbia could bring about the ‘reconciliation’ between Russia and the EU, acting as a mediator. To some extent, Serbian authorities continue the political tradition of the time of Yugoslavia, governed by Josip Broz Tito, when Belgrade also tried to find the balance between East and West, the communist and the capitalistic blocs. Currently, Serbia is making attempts to take advantage of the new situation in the system of international relations in Europe in order to pursue its own political goals.
EN
The article presents the scope of the European Commission’s competence regarding the examination of state aid measures. The provisions of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union were analysed as they were the basis for the clarification of the powers to review by this institution in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Despite the exclusivity of the Commission’s competence in matters of state aid, the Member States also play a significant role in this area, in particular when the obligation to notify new state aid measures and ensuring compliance with the standstill clause are concerned. Furthermore, certain functions, which are supplementary yet complementary at the same time, are performed by the national courts. The Commission’s measures to review, provided by Regulation 2015/1589 codifying the CJEU case-law in this field, is discussed in this study. It should be highlighted that, if review proceedings are performed in relation to the Member State concerned, the consequences of the infringements are mainly borne by the beneficiaries of the aid granted. The author also gives a brief reminder of the rights of the interested parties and the particularities of challenging the Commission’s aid decisions.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia kompetencje kontrolne Komisji Europejskiej (KE, Komisja) w zakresie badania środków pomocowych. Analizie poddano art. 107 i art. 108 Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej, które stanowiły podstawę uszczegółowienia jej uprawnień w orzecznictwie Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE (TSUE, Trybunał). Pomimo wyłączności kompetencji Komisji w tej dziedzinie, pewną rolę odgrywają państwa członkowskie, zwłaszcza jeśli chodzi o obowiązek notyfikacji nowej pomocy publicznej oraz przestrzegania klauzuli stand still. Uzupełniający charakter ma orzecznictwo sądów krajowych. W opracowaniu szczegółowo omówiono paletę środków kontrolnych Komisji określonych w rozporządzeniu 2015/1589, które kodyfikuje orzecznictwo TSUE. Postępowanie kontrolne jest prowadzone w odniesieniu do konkretnego państwa członkowskiego, jednak konsekwencje stwierdzonych uchybień ponoszą beneficjenci pomocy. Artykuł omawia w związku z tym uprawnienia strony oraz specyfikę zaskarżenia decyzji pomocowych Komisji.
PL
W artykule poddano ocenie możliwość kwestionowania na gruncie prawa ochrony konkurencji decyzji Prezesa UKE nakładających na poszczególnych operatorów telekomunikacyjnych obowiązek pobierania stawek MTR w określonej regulacyjnie wysokości. W ocenie autorki stosowanie przez operatorów stawek wynikających z takich decyzji może być poddane analizie w kategoriach nadużycia pozycji dominującej, poprzez stosowanie cen zawyżonych (excessive pricing) albo praktyki zawężania marży (margin squeeze). Porównano zakres równoległego stosowania prawa konkurencji i regulacji sektorowych do oceny tego typu zachowań w polskim i unijnym porządku prawnym, odwołując się zarówno do uregulowań prawnych, jak i praktyki decyzyjnej organów ochrony konkurencji oraz dorobku judykatury. W artykule omówiono również aspekty proceduralne postępowań prowadzonych w tym zakresie przez Prezesa UOKiK oraz przez Komisję Europejską.
EN
The article seeks to answer the question of whether, and, if so, under what conditions, regulatory decisions whereby the President of UKE (Office for Electronic Communications) imposes on telecommunications undertakings regulatory obligations to set their Mobile Termination Rates at a particular level may be contested in the light of competition law. In the author’s opinion, application by telecoms of MTRs established by virtue of a regulatory decision may be assessed from the point of view of possible abuse of a dominant position taking form of excessive pricing or margin squeeze. Moreover, the article presents a comparative analysis of the extent to which parallel application of competition law and sector-specific regulations to the abovementioned anticompetitive practices is possible under legal regimes of Poland and the EU, taking account of legal provisions as well as of the decision-making practice of competition authorities and law courts’ decisions. The last part of the article addresses procedural aspects of proceedings carried out within this scope by the President of UOKiK (Polish competition authority) and by the European Commission.
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