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EN
Besides pointing out economical preconditions for states applying for membership in the European Union, the „Copenhagen criteria” are supposed to test and verify if candidates fulfill „the European standard of a well‑ordered state” that is democratic, respecting the rule‑of‑law, human rights and minority’s rights. The article is an reflection on „European political cohesion” of the states entering the European Union in 2004 and in the following decade. In the face of deficit of, so called, „Copenhagen mechanism”, a serious doubt arises: is it possible to evaluate impartially whether candidates and/or member states implement properly „the European standard of a well‑ordered state”? This doubt is shared by the author of the article.
PL
Hereby paper is dedicated to the issue of Brexit in the context of liberal theory of international relations, mainly by adoption of the qualitative method of textual examination of selected works, devoted to the abovementioned paradigm. The hypothesis of this article is a statement that liberal approach has a limited applicability to description of community disintegration mechanisms, including Brexit as their unquestionable syndrome. Existing theories of European integration, of which liberalism is one of the most influential theoretical schemes, reveal several malfunctions in exploration of Union’s decomposition processes, however, on the other hand, some of their specific components still remain valid. The above issue exposes a demand for investigating new tools and researching methods to scrutinize current trends in the European Union that would allow to review the present state of this organization in a more adequate manner.
EN
The main aim of this paper is the analysis of the opinions of the Polish society on the European integration process and introduction of the euro currency in Poland. The research problem seems to be very interesting due to the fact that before and few years after the Polish accession to the EU, people’s attitudes towards integration and European currency were very enthusiastic. The opinions of Polish electorate had radically changed by the end of 2008, when the Poles began to feel the negative results of the economic slowdown caused by the global financial crisis. The analysis was made in the context of party preferences in Poland and the data cover three periods: December 2004, December 2008 and the last quarter of 2012.
EN
The article reflects on the current situation in the European Union. Its aim is to point the contradictions in the process of integration which are crucial in the process of economic growth. Informal institutions are perceived as potential channels of transmission of anti-growth impulses.
PL
Praca podejmuje problematykę zjawiska Brexitu w kontekście liberalnej teorii stosunków międzynarodowej, głównie przy użyciu metody jakościowej, polegającej na tekstualnej analizie wybranych prac poświęconych w/w paradygmatowi. Hipotezę niniejszego artykułu stanowi stwierdzenie, iż podejście liberalne ma ograniczone zastosowanie do opisu mechanizmów dezintegracyjnych wspólnoty, w tym Brexitu jako ich niewątpliwego syndromu. Istniejące teorie integracji europejskiej, spośród których liberalizm jest jednym z najbardziej wpływowych schematów teoretycznych, ujawniają pewne niedociągnięcia w badaniu procesów dekompozycyjnych Unii, choć, z drugiej strony, określone ich komponenty nadal pozostają zasadne. Powyższe unaocznia potrzebę poszukiwania nowych narzędzi i metod badawczych do rozpatrywania aktualnych trendów w Unii Europejskiej, które pozwoliłyby spojrzeć na obecny stan tej organizacji w bardziej adekwatny sposób.
EN
Hereby paper is dedicated to the issue of Brexit in the context of liberal theory of international relations, mainly by adoption of the qualitative method of textual examination of selected works, devoted to the abovementioned paradigm. The hypothesis of this article is a statement that liberal approach has a limited applicability to description of community disintegration mechanisms, including Brexit as their unquestionable syndrome. Existing theories of European integration, of which liberalism is one of the most influential theoretical schemes, reveal several malfunctions in exploration of Union’s decomposition processes, however, on the other hand, some of their specific components still remain valid. The above issue exposes a demand for investigating new tools and researching methods to scrutinize current trends in the European Union that would allow to review the present state of this organization in a more adequate manner.
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75%
PL
Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie ewolucji liberalnego modelu polityki światowej wraz z potencjalnymi następstwami prezentowanej zmiany na płaszczyźnie projektu integracji europejskiej, z uwzględnieniem narzędzi ekonomicznej analizy prawa. W pracy ukazano zasadnicze elementy idei demokracji liberalnej, zarówno w aspekcie wewnętrznym (ustrój prawno-gospodarczy), jak i w wymiarze międzynarodowym (stosunek do organizacji supranarodowych). Opisany w tekście ład liberalny został skonfrontowany z krytycznymi wypowiedziami twórców koncepcji demokracji nieliberalnej, zdaniem których aktualnie można zaobserwować kryzys ww. paradygmatu prawa i gospodarki międzynarodowej. Dekoniunktura liberalnego modelu polityki globalnej przejawia się w tendencji do metamorfozy form ustrojowych niektórych państw, a także dekompozycji procesów integracyjnych, które dotychczas zakotwiczały liberalny porządek zjednoczonej Europy. Zda niem autora, powyższe zjawisko może zainicjować rozłam w świecie Zachodu, prowadząc do osłabienia jego politycznej jedności i zapoczątkowania ery niepewności, jako preludium do powstania nowego ładu na Starym Kontynencie, którego ramy nie są jeszcze znane.
EN
This article aims to present an evolution of the liberal model of world politics along with the potential consequences of this change at the level of the European integration project, taking into account the tools of the school of law and economics. The work elucidates basic elements of the idea of liberal democracy, both in internal (legal and economic system) and external dimensions (attitude to supranational organisations). The liberal order described in the text is confronted with critical statements delivered by creators of the concept of illiberal democracy, according to whom crisis of the paradigm of law and international economy can be currently observed. The recession of the liberal model of global politics is manifested in the tendency to modify the constitutional framework of particular countries and the decomposition of integration processes that have been anchoring liberal order in a united Europe so far. According to the author, the above phenomenon may initiate a split in the Western world, leading to the breakdown of its political unity and the beginning of the era of uncertainty, as a prelude to the emergence of a new order on the Old Continent, the framework of which is not yet known.
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