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Why Did Italian Democracy Become Vulnerable? Theorizing the Change from Neo- to Quasi-Militant Democracy

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Rak J.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2021
|
issue 2 (50)
51-61
EN
Embedded in scholarship on militant democracy, this research aims to explain how Italian legislation was positioned to militant democratic measures and how this changed over time. Drawing on the qualitative source analysis and the explanatory frameworks of democratic vulnerability tests two competing theory-grounded assumptions. While the first one assumes that Italian democracy became vulnerable when traditional militant democracy instruments were outmoded, the second considers the misuse or abandonment of those means with social consent as the source of vulnerability. The crisis-induced socioeconomic inequality and uncertainty weakened the Italian political nation. As a result, the latter supported populists in return for a promise of political change. The anti-democratic legal means employed to extend power competencies and prevent the exchange of ruling parties were the way to and the costs of the expected political change. At the same time, the political nation became unable to self-organize to strengthen democracy self-defense. As a result, Italians co-produced a quasi-militant democracy that turned vulnerable because militant democracy measures were misused or not used with the consent of Italians that relinquished their political subjectivity in favor of the Northern League and the Five Star Movement.
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Koncepcja Padanii na przełomie XX i XXI wieku

100%
Bielański S.
Przegląd Geopolityczny
|
2016
|
vol. 18
PL
Wstępna część opracowania zawiera uzasadnienie tezy o znaczeniu wydarzeń politycznych z 1989 roku dla ukształtowania geopolitycznej sytuacji, w której mogła pojawić się koncepcja Padanii. Autor bada próby określenia zasięgu Padanii podejmowane przez zwolenników konfederacji północnych i środkowych regionów Włoch. Prezentuje sposoby implementacji tej koncepcji proponowane w połowie lat 90-tych ubiegłego wieku z inicjatywy Ligi Północnej U. Bossiego jak i przez teoretyków federalizmu (G. Miglio). Autor sugeruje potencjalny wzrost znaczenia tej koncepcji w okolicznościach kryzysu imigracyjnego.
EN
The introduction to the article examines the importance of the events of 1989 for the geopolitical conditions of Italy and the emergence of the concept of "Padania". The paper looks at the issues related to the precise boundaries of "Padania", treated by the followers of its creation as a confederation of northern and central regions of present-day Italy. It presents an attempt to implement the concept of "Padania" in the mid-90s, undertaken at the initiative of the Northern League (Lega Nord), led at the time by Umberto Bossi. There are discussed both concepts of Padania: one of Bossi and one of the theorist of federalism - Gianfranco Miglio. In conclusion, the article says that the Northern League continues to play on the Italian political stage role. Moreover, with the crisis associated with the massive influx into Europe (and through Italy) of Muslim immigrants
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