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1

Sprawa polska do Aktu 5 listopada w ocenie Stanisława Koźmiana

100%
Menz M.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
|
2017
|
issue 2 (13)
102-116
EN
This article is an attempt at presenting the opinions of Stanisław Koźmian, a Krakowbased member of the Stańczycy political group, on the development of the Polish cause in 1914–1916. Koźmian was a supporter of the so-called Austrian-Polish solution which consisted in incorporating the Kingdom of Poland to Austria-Hungary and granting it more autonomy. However, he did not postulate that the monarchy should be restructured towards the Austria-Hungary-Poland trialism as he realised that Hungarians would oppose this suggestion. According to Koźmian, the Act of 5th November was a poor solution as it did not offer the Kingdom of Poland any guarantee of independence. It only created “written down” independence.
2

„Trochę za późno i za mało ale coś jest”. Polacy w Galicji wobec Aktu 5 listopada 1916 r.

100%
Szymczak D.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
|
2017
|
issue 2 (13)
85-101
EN
During the outbreak of WWI, a majority of Poles in Galicia were in favour of the Austria-Poland solution. They hoped that once the Kingdom of Poland was taken away from Russia, Franz Joseph I would become the king of Poland. As a result, a new and powerful state would emerge: Austria-Hungary-Poland. In order to pursue this idea, Poles established the Supreme National Committee and the Polish Legions, a military force. Austria’s military defeats and general weakness of the monarchy put an end to these plans as the politicians in Vienna failed to be equally willing to pursue the solution. The initiative regarding the Polish cause was taken over by Germans and the Act of 5th November was proclaimed. This indicated that the reconstruction of the Polish state would be modelled by the Reich rather than the Habsburg monarchy. On the one hand, the proclamation of the Act of 5th November was welcomed in Galicia: it was the first document taking the Polish cause to the international arena. On the other hand, the end of the Austria-Poland idea led to resentment. Poles in Galicia were afraid that they would be left outside the new Polish state.
3

Akt 5 listopada a umiędzynarodowienie sprawy polskiej podczas Wielkiej Wojny. Uwagi historyka dyplomacji

100%
Kornat M.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
|
2017
|
issue 2 (13)
11-28
EN
The author analyses the international importance of the Act of 5th November from the point of view of the future of Poland in the post-WWI international deal. The declaration of two emperors represented an “important step towards Poland’s reconstruction” (as Szymon Askenazy, a Polish historian, observed). However, the declaration failed to ultimately internationalize the Polish cause and determined itself the existence of the Polish state. The document was a product of special circumstances resulting from the fact that Germany was running out of human resources indispensable to continue the war. It was also possible because of the abortive attempts at securing peace with Russia on the basis of a territorial status quo. The declaration represented Berlin’s grand-scale political move, connecting with the history of the German political thought with assumptions originated by Bismarck and general Waldersee and revolving around the idea of establishing a small Polish state when it is necessary in the course of a war with Russia. Despite the proclaimed establishment of the Polish state by the governments in Berlin and Vienna, the Western powers (France and Great Britain) were not able to force Russia to acknowledge Poland’s independence. They assigned the government in Petrograd the right to deal with the Polish cause at its discretion i.e. to delineate the Western border of the empire according to its will once the acts of war were over. The historian therefore concludes that it was not before the February Revolution in Russia when actual possibilities opened up for the Western powers to support the Polish cause. In their policies, they did not include willingness to make the world a better place by principles of international justice but rather, they intended to maintain Russia as an allied force in the anti-German coalition at all cost.
4
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Kwestia polska na łamach „Dziennika Mińskiego” w latach 1917-191

80%
Korzeniowski M.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
|
2020
|
issue 3 (26)
87-102
EN
The goal of the article is to present the attitude of the editors of “Dziennik Miński” towards the Polish cause; the daily was published in 1917-1918, after toppling the tsar in Russia. This was an extremely significant time because the newspaper (one of important places where Poles exchanged opinions in the Russian empire) presented issues of reconstructing the Polish state and its future political system.
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