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EN
The Urbanonimia of Ukraine in the Context of DecommunizationThis article concerns the changing situation regarding toponyms in Ukraine, from the country’s regaining of independence to the present day. The article identifies two waves of decommunization. The first occured between the regaining independence in 1991 and 1995. The second wave began with the Revolution of Dignity in 2013–2014 and continues to this day. In the second part of the article, toponyms connected with Poland are presented and the reasons behind their creation are explained. Toponimia miejska na Ukrainie w kontekście dekomunizacjiArtykuł traktuje o sytuacji w zakresie zmian toponimów na Ukrainie od czasu odzyskania niepodległości do dnia dzisiejszego. Autorzy wyróżniają dwie fale dekomunizacji, pierwszą od odzyskania przez Ukrainę niepodległości w 1991 roku do 1995 roku. Druga fala rozpoczęła się wraz z rewolucją godności w latach 2013-2014 i trwa do dziś. W drugiej części artykułu przedstawiono toponimy związane z Polską, a także uzasadnienie ich powstania.
EN
Polish language in the Mohylew region – the past and present (the report on field research)The research in the Mohylew region is a continuation of research concerning the language of Catholics in former North-Eastern Borderland. The work contains an outline of the history of the Mohylew region including the history of the Catholic Church, education and functioning of Polish in this land. Besides Mohylew the following places were visited: Czausy, Faszczówka and Bezczynne where parishes are being revived. Evangelisation is in Belorussian and only in Mohylew one Holy Mass is in Polish every day. Conclusions: The Polish language in the Mohylew region has been functioning since 16th century what is confirmed in Mohylew town chronicles grave inscriptions in local Polish Cemetary. It has also been, excluding Jesuit parishes (Jesuits evangelised in the language of a given nationality, wrote catechisms and grammars) the language of prayers and lithurgy. The result of the progress of russification was that the range of its use narrowed down. The next stage (20’s and 30’s of 20th century) of the fight with the Church and religion led to interrupting passing the Polish language even in those families where it survived throughout former stages. In this way the Polish tradition was interrupted. At present it is very difficult to meet people using the old local Polish language. The Polish with regional features can be heard with those people who came to Mohylew after the World War II. There is also another quality: the language learned at school or courses. The Polish language is generally idiolectally diverse, its shape depends on the degree of fluency in Polish. On the basis of reviving catholicism and the Polish language with numerous young people who discovered their roots there is a process of reconstructing the Polish identity. Польский язык на Могилёвщине – прошлое и современность (отчёт по полевым исследованиям)Полевые исследования на Могилёвщине являются продолжением проводимых авторами исследований языка католиков на бывших северо-восточных рубежах Польши. В статье представлен краткий очерк истории Могилёвщины, католической церквы, просвещения на польском языке и функционирования польского языка на исследуемой территории. Кроме Могилёва авторы статьи посетили Чаусы, Фащевку и Бесчине. В этих местностях возрождаются католические приходы. Евангелизация и богослужения ведутся на белорусском языке. Только в Могилёве ежедневно одна месса происходит на польском языке. Выводы: Польским языком на Могилёвщине пользовались с XVI века, что подтверждают городские хроники и надписи на местном Польском кладбище. Кроме того он был (за исключением приходов, которые вели иезуиты, которые вели римскокатолическое вероучение на национальных языках) языком молитвы и литургии. По мере усиливания руссификации во время разделов Польши, использование польского языка уменьшалось. Очередной период (20-е и 30-е годы ХХ века) борьбы с католической церковью и религией стали причиной прекращения передачи польского языка даже в тех семьях, в которых он сохранился в предыдущий период. Одновременно прекратилась польская традиция. В настоящее время трудно найти людей, говорящих на давнем местном польском языке. Польский язык, насыщенный региональными диалектными чертами, встречается ещё у лиц, которые прибыли на Могилёвщину после второй мировой войны. Мы обнаружили ещё одну разновидность польского языка – это язык выученный в школе и на языковых курсах. В общем польский язык на Могилёвщине сильно дифференцирован в зависимости от индивида, а его качество от степени присвоения данного кода. Опираясь на возрождающийся католицизм и польский язык у многих молодых людей, которые обнаружили свои польские корни, наступает процесс реконструкции польского самосознания.
EN
Selected issues in regional syntax questions in the language of Kurier Wileński from the years 1924–1939The article presents issues of choice in the scope of regional syntax. These are characteristics the most characteristic for the syntax of north and east Borderland.The analysis of the collected syntax characteristics was conducted by means of Kurier Wileński material.48 types of specific syntax structures were excerpted from the questioned newspaper (29 of them were chosen in this article for presentation). In Kurier Wileński one finds north Borderland syntax questions (ones the most often described in the literature of the subject), and several specific constructions functioning in the post-war Vilnius newspapers, however not registered earlier on the Borderland.The text frequency of the structures was diverse. One noted the most often specific constructions with the preposition dla (127 certifications), and adjectival predicatives in ablative (111), as well as nominal sentences without copula (49), and the following structures: w Białorusi / do Białorusi (34), łotewska i estońska delegacje (28), chronić od czegoś (27), czekać czegoś (22). However the greatest amount of syntax characteristics occasionally occurred in the questioned texts (1–2 certifications).As it was proved by the analysis, more than 70% of the syntax characteristics found in Kurier Wileński are the loan translations of Russian structures (at the same time nearly all the remaining constructions are based on Russian language). In the subsequent newspapers the percentage of Russicisms was even higher. On these grounds the north Borderland syntax was and is highly Russificated. Избранные явления синтаксических особенностей регионального польского языка в газете «Kurier Wileński» 1924–1939 годовВ настоящей статье представлены избранные синтаксические явления регионального варианта польского языка в период двадцатилетия между первой и второй мировыми войнами. Это нaиболее характерные особенности синтаксиса северо-восточных районов польского государства. Анализ синтаксических явлений проведен по текстам ежедневной газеты «Kurier Wileński». В исследуемом журнале автором обнаруженo 48 типов своеобразных региональных синтаксических конструкций – 29 из них показаны в настоящей статье. В газете «Kurier Wileński» появились характерные синтаксические явления (чаще всего описываемые в литературе предмета), а также немало конструкций, функционирующих в послевоенной вильнюсской прессе и в письменном польском языке межвоенного периода в Советской Беларуси, которые на территории бывших северо-восточных районов польского государства раньше не регистрировались. Текстуальная частотность своеобразных синтаксических структур различна. Чаще всего отмечались особенные конструкции с предлогом для (127 примеров) и именные части составного именного сказуемого, употребляемые в форме творительного падежа (111), а также предложения с нулевой связкой (49) и следующие конструкции: w Białorusi / do Białorusi (34), łotewska i estońska delegacje (28), chronić od czegoś (27), czekać czegoś (22). Большинство, однако, синтаксических особенностей в исследуемых текстах, засвидетельствованы единичными примерами (1–2 примера). Как показал анализ, свыше 70% синтаксических явлений в газете «Kurier Wileński» это кальки русских структур. Почти все остальные конструкции поддерживались влиянием русского языка. В журналах позднейшего периода процент русизмов еще больший. Таким образом, синтаксис севернокресовой польской прессы был и в дальнейшем остается под очень сильным влиянием русского языка.
Poradnik Językowy
|
2023
|
vol. 803
|
issue 4
77-90
EN
The Polish-language profile of „Poradnik Językowy” („The Linguistic Guide”) determines the fact that the studies regarding the Ukrainian language constitute a relatively small portion of the publications (66 in total). However, they have been published nearly since the initial annals and their subject matters include (in the quantitative order): 1) the presence of the Polish language in Ukraine, 2) the presence of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine, 3) the issues of the Slavic languages in general, 4) comparative (including contrastive) studies, 5) Ukrainisms present in the Polish language. The publications depict the status of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine and in contacts with the Polish language, interests of (Polish and Ukrainian) linguists in these issues, and trends in the language policies of both states.
EN
New Year’s address is one of the most conventionalized genres of political communication. The aim of the article is to describe the history of televised New Year messages of the country’s leader in Poland, Russia and Germany, with particular emphasis on the iterative motifs and signs present in their verbal and non-verbal layer. The leaders often use the same expressions, cite the same historical events, refer to the same authorities and discuss similar socio-political issues. Moreover, montage and scenery are also subject to only slight modifications. The author also draws attention to the fact that as a ritual and conventionalized genre New Year’s address often becomes the subject of parody.
EN
The paper deals with the linguistic means that had helped us to adapt to virtual reality and that now seem to us to have existed always. The words and expressions didn’t appear out ofnowhere – they were imported from our everyday language where they had been used for naming objects and processes in the real world. Thus the new realm, such as the physical one, was marked by language signs that determine the nature and the structure of our conception of the Internet which is interpreted generally as a physical space (different types of the latter). These signs are described here in terms of conceptual metaphor theory. Recently we have been dealing with some new, “web-born” expressions. It is shown that such expressions are no more limited to the describing of the Internet and are extended to the real world; it can be said they provide us with new tools to interpret the “old” reality. Thereby we can see the very moment when the source and the target domains (that is real and virtual worlds) are switching their places.
EN
The article is concerned with Shukshin’s occasionalisms and their Polish equivalents extracted from translations done by I. Bajkowska, Z. Gadzinianka, T.G. Lipszyc, E. Niepokólczycka, I. Piotrowska, B. Reszko, and A. Tyszkowska. The study material consists of 43 equivalents and is presented in three separate groups referring to structural-and-semantic, semantic as well as affixational occasionalisms. The author claims that the most common translation equivalents are either neutral or colloquial units belonging to the lowest register, for they are the most frequently used regardless of the type of occasionalisms.
EN
The paper is a review of homonymy (in a broad sense of the term) in two Slavic languages: Polish and Belarusian. Different types of homonyms were described and compared. At the beginningof the article one can find many different Polish and Belarusian definitions of homonymy. The examples of homonyms were taken from dictionaries, books and films. The analysis showsthat homonyms in two Slavic languages are very similar but very strong difference one can find inaccent.
Studia Slavica
|
2013
|
vol. 17
|
issue 1
83-90
EN
In English, there exist several terms describing the interlingual homonymy – a phenomenon which I describe in my paper, referring to Belarusian and Polish language. Among these terms, one can indicate: (translator’s/ slavist’s) false friends, false cognates, misleading words (of foreign origin), deceptive words, deceptive cognates or interlinguistic lexical homonymy. The paper includes a review of a few important Polish-Belarusian dictionaries and describes a project of Belarusian-Polish dictionary of translator’s false friends. So far, such a publication has not been worked up. It is important to elaborate a dictionary of this type, including numerous examples. It is needed not only to students and teachers, but also to all those who use Belarusian and Polish in their everyday life (journalists, businessmen, politicians etc.).
Stylistyka
|
2007
|
vol. 16
221-234
PL
Postulating the necessity of introducing translatological reflection into modem stylisti- cs, the article - bearing upon the work of Polish translators of Charles Baudelaire’s poems - demonstrates a diversity of stylistics strategies in particular translations. The texts cho- sen for the study Correspondences, De Profundis Clamavi, and Les Plaintes d’un Icare have been rendered into Polish by both older (Stanisław Korab-Brzozowski, Miriam, and Antoni Lange), and modem (Tadeusz Bocheński, Maria Leśniewska, Andrzej Nowak) translators. A comparative study of the French originals and their Polish equivalents car- ried out with the help of cognitive grammar analysis allows us to conclude that neither the very time nor the style of translation determine its value in the target language culture. This awareness becomes important particularly in the light of a discussion conceming ca- nons of French and European literatures.
EN
In Polish dialects two main laiyers of lexical Germanisms are singled out: all Polish character, that is the one peculiar to most of Polish dialects and literary language (musieć, szyber, placek and others) and local (typical of some varieties of the dialectal Polish language). The Germanisms reviewed in the article are represented in the two island Polish dialects in Siberia: in the dialect of the village of Vershina next to Irkutsk and the dialect of the villages of Aleksandrovka and Znamenka next to Abakan. The local Germanisms in the dialect of the village of Vershina include such words as buղk «natural» and fest «strongly, fast, very». The number of the local Germanisms in the dialect of the villages of Aleksandrovka and Znamenka is much greater. They represent various parts of speech. They can be nouns (gruska «a granny», gruzek«a grandpa», szurek «a boy», rebiska«a grater», rybaki «pancakes of rubbed potatoes» and others), verbs) rebować «to rub»), predicative words (brak «need»), afirmative particle (jo «yes»). Alongside with other peculiarities making the two dialects different (the dialect of the southern type, that of the village of Vershina from the dialect of the northern type, that of the villages of Aleksandrovka and Znamenka) some lo-cal Germanisms also belong to differential features making a definite type of dialect (southern or northern).
EN
For more than ten years the Silesian ethnolect has been rapidly developing. During this time, its polyvalence, the level of codification and the scope of its use have been radically expanded. This code is used by a relatively big number of speakers (530,000) who consider it a separate language and not a local dialect of Polish. The legal status of the Silesian ethnolect depends on the linguistic policy implemented in modern Poland. At present, however, there is no political will to elevate this code to the status of an independent language.
HR
U posljednih dvadeset godina primjećuje se dinamičan i intenzivan razvoj šleskog jezičnog varijeteta. U ovom vremenskom razdoblju radikalno se povećala polivalentnost šleskog idioma, stupanj njegove kodifikacije, znatno se takoder proširilo komunikacijsko i stilsko područje njegove upotrebe. Šleski jezični varijetet karakterizira prilično veliki broj izvornih govornika (530.000.), koji – što valja napomenuti – ne smatraju ga jednim od poljskih dijalekata već zasebnim jezikom. Pravni položaj šleskog jezičnog varijeteta ovisi naravno o obliku državne, jezične politike. Čini se ipak da u ovom trenutku nedostaje u Poljskoj političke volje da se šleski jezični varijetet prizna zasebnim jezikom.
PL
W pracy autorka dokonała analizy językowej wybranych, seksistowskich wypowiedzi Janusza Korwin-Mikkego, które dowiodły jak stereotypowo kobiety postrzegane są przez znanego polityka. Ten konserwatywny mężczyzna traktuje stereotypy jako dowód na ostoję dobrych porządków i walczy, by kobiety nie próbowały zmieniać tego, co przez tysiące lat zapewniało powszechny ład a także szczęście płci męskiej oraz, w jego przekonaniu, żeńskiej. Istotne dla autorki wystąpienia było znaczenie tekstów antyfeministy w aspekcie pragmatyczno-semiotycznym. Autorka koncentrowała się na wyraźnie językowym aspekcie – szczegółowo omówione zostały między innymi: sentencje oraz neologizmy stosowane przez kontrowersyjnego polityka. W pracy autorka starała się udowodnić, iż Janusz Korwin-Mikke swoim językiem przede wszystkim prowokuje i upokarza przeciwną płeć.
EN
In the following paper the author has performed a linguistic analysis of several chosen sexist remarks by Janusz Korwin-Mikke in order to prove how stereotypically women are regarded by the famous politician. This conservative man treats stereotypes as a proof of good orders and fights to prevent women from trying to change what for thousands of years has given the general order and happiness for male sex and, in his opinion, for female sex. Significant for the author’s paper has been the importance of antifeminist’s texts within pragmatic and semantic aspect. The paper has concentrated on solely the linguistic aspect - in detail there have been discussed among other things: aphorisms and neologisms which are used by the controversial politician. In the paper the author has tried to prove that J. Korwin-Mikke’s language provokes and insults the opposite sex.
Acta onomastica
|
2021
|
vol. 62
|
issue 1
151-171
EN
The aim of this paper is to review the solutions chosen in translating proper names of Austro-Hungarian military units and institutions into Polish (in texts originally written in or translated into Polish in the late 20th and the early 21st century). This goal is achieved by outlining a general theoretical onomastic semantic and translatological framework, in which translations of semantically transparent proper names of institutions may be described. Some characteristics of military vocabulary and names are outlined. Austro-Hungarian and interwar Polish naming patterns of military units are briefly compared. The discussion of solutions in Polish texts and translations follows. The general finding is that there is a considerable diversity of strategies or techniques used in translating the analysed names; some of them are aimed at maintaining the original name structure/pattern, others are aimed at adapting the names to a more typical and natural Polish naming pattern.
CS
Cílem této práce je přezkoumat řešení zvolená při překladu vlastních jmen rakousko-uherských vojenských jednotek a institucí do polštiny (v textech původně psaných nebo přeložených do polštiny na konci 20. a začátkem 21. století). Tohoto cíle je dosaženo načrtnutím obecného teoretického onomastického sémantického a translatologického rámce, ve kterém lze popsat překlad sémanticky transparentních vlastních jmen institucí. Jsou zde uvedeny některé charakteristiky slovní zásoby spojené s armádou a stručně porovnány některé typy pojmenování vojenských jednotek rakousko-uherské armády a polských jednotek v meziválečném období. Následuje rozbor toho, jakým způsobem je překlad jmen v polských textech řešen. Základním zjištěním je skutečnost, že techniky překladu analyzovaných jmen vykazují velkou rozmanitost, některé z těchto technik se zaměřují na zachování původní struktury názvu, jiné na přizpůsobení názvu typičtějšímu a přirozenějšímu polskému způsobu vytváření názvů.
EN
The article concerns translations of Russian and English literature into Kashubian language, performed not from the original language, but from the existing Polish translation. Such “second-hand” translations are: a fragment of the novel Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, a fragment of the novel Resurrection by Leo Tolstoy, and translation of the novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery. In the first part of this article, I discuss examples showing that Kashubian translators follow the interpretations suggested by the authors of previous translations of the same works into Polish. In the second part, I discuss idioms and proverbs, which did not appear in the source texts, but come from Polish translations and have been adapted by Kashubian translators.
PL
Hewòtny articzel tikô sã dolmaczënków rusczi i anielsczi lëteraturë na kaszëbiznã, wëkònywónëch nié jãzëka òriginału, ale z jistniejącégò ju pòlsczégò przełożënkù. Taczima tłómaczënkama wëkonywónyma „z drëdżi rãczi” są m.jim. fragment pòwiescë Fiodora Dostojewsczégò pt. Przësprawa i ùkôranié, fragment pòwiescë Lwa Tołstoja pt. Zmartwëchwtanié, dolmaczënk pòwiescë Anne of Green Gables aùtorstwa Lucy Maud Montgomery. W pierszim dzélu artikla òbgôdóné òstałë przëmiôrë wskôzëjącé na jidzenié przez kaszëbsczich dolmaczérów za interpretacją zasugerowóną przez aùtorów wczasniészich przełożënków nëch samëch dokazów na pòlsczi jãzëk. W drëdżim dzélu robòtë òbgôdóné są frazeólogiznë i przësłowia, jaczé nie pòkazałë sã w zdrzódłowëch tekstach, ale pòchôdają z jich pòlsczich dolmaczënków i jakno taczé òstałë zaadaptowóné przez kaszëbsczich dolmaczérów.
DE
Social Media, wie Facebook, sind wichtige Kommunikationswege sowohl für einsprachige Anwender als auch für Nutzer mit verschiedenen Fremdsprachenkenntnissen (die letzteren übernehmen die Strukturen der Mutter- und Fremdsprache in die Konversation). Im Resultat kann man annehmen, dass die Kommunikation via Facebook eine gewisse Rolle bei der Verwendung von Fremdsprachen spielt. Einen der Aspekte, der in dieser Hinsicht analysiert werden kann, bilden verschiedene Formen von Codeswitching. In Bezug auf das Codeswitching zwischen Polnisch und Englisch, das in diesem sozialen Netzwerk vorkommt, besteht eine wesentliche Forschungslücke. Für einen kompletten Überblick über das dargestellte Problem werden im vorliegenden Artikel an angeführten polnisch-englischen Beispielen bestimmte Typen, Strategien und Funktionen von Codeswitching in Posts und Kommentaren, die von polnischen Facebook-Nutzern in den Jahren 2014–2019 erstellt wurden, identifiziert und erläutert. Darüber hinaus wird im Text auf die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Facebook-Tools und Materialien zum Codeswitching bei dem Fremdsprachenlehren und -lernen hingewiesen und der Aspekt des „sozialen Lernens“ (Mallia, 2013) mittels Facebook angesprochen.Die Untersuchung basiert auf einem Korpus, das von der Autorin des vorliegenden Artikels entwickelt wurde. In der Untersuchung wurde eine integrative – d.h. qualitative und quantitative Methode eingesetzt. Im analysierten Material lassen sich drei Haupttypen (satzinterner, satzübergreifender, parenthetischer) und -strategien (Alliteration, Parenthese, entsprechende Umstellung von Lexemen) des Sprachcodeswitching unterscheiden. Das Codeswitching deutet hauptsächlich auf die Zugehörigkeit zur bestimmten Gruppe hin, kann aber auch Humor bzw. ein Zitat in die Aussage einleiten oder das Fehlen von Äquivalenten in der Muttersprache signalisieren. Aus dem Artikel ergibt sich, dass es gewisse Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Typen, Strategien und Funktionen des Codeswitching gibt. Die Resultate der betreffenden Analyse werden mit Ergebnissen der neuesten Untersuchungen über das polnisch- und indonesischenglische Codeswitching auf Facebook zusammengestellt.
EN
Social networking services, such as Facebook, are important channels of communication both for monolingual users and for those having various degrees of proficiency in L2, with the latter deploying expression both from L1 and L2. It can, therefore, be presumed that communication on FB plays a role in practicing the use of L2. One of the phenomena that can be examined in relation to that are various forms of code-switching. There is animmense research gap related to Polish-English code-switching appearing on this SNS. To obtain a full picture of the issue, the paper identifies and discusses types, strategies, and functions of Polish-English code-switches found in posts and comments published by Poles on Facebook in 2014–2019. It also indicates possible applications of FB tools and materials including CS in foreign language teaching and learning and shows how Facebook enables “social learning” (Mallia, 2013). The research is based on a corpus constructed by the author of this article. An integrated approach with both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis is used in the paper. Three main CS types (intrasentential, intersentential, and tag-switching) and strategies (alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalisation) have been attested in the material. The code-switches mostly indicate in-group membership but also, for example, introduce humor, quotes, and signal a lack of L1 equivalents. The study points out that there are certain relations between the types, strategies and functions. The resultsof the research are collated with the recent studies on Polish-English and Indonesian-English CS on Facebook.
EN
Wincenty Pol was a writer and a learned geographer. His linguistic interests encompassed the origin of the Polish language linked with the history of Slavs, onomastics, the dialects of Polish and the need to legally protect writing. Pol was convinced that language needs to be studied in relation to nature, culture and human work.
PL
W procesie modelowania wizerunkowego język, tak jak i terytorium, zajmuje wyjątkowe miejsce. Wyjątkowość wynika z faktu, że abstrakcję i towarzyszące jej wyobrażenia sprowadza się do konkretu. Ukonkretniony twór podlega transformacjom. Czyni się z niego produkt, który można polecać, rekomendować, reklamować, ujmować w ofertach sprzedażowych. W niniejszym artykule autor konstatuje, że wizerunek języka polskiego – „produktu” konkuruje w globalnej świadomości z innymi wizerunkami języków – innych „produktów”. W proponowanym studium aspektowej analizie poddawane są charakterystyki i właściwości wizerunku języka polskiego jako obcego (jpjo), modelowane przez młodych Polaków w interakcjach z obcokrajowcami, utrwalane w serwisach społecznościowych w postaci materiałów audiowizualnych. Zasadniczy wątek dotyczy przede wszystkim tych zmiennych, które pozostają często poza rejestrem polszczyzny ogólnej, a w odbiorze potocznym uchodzić mogą za atraktory przesądzające o popularności danego systemu językowego.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie metafory jako środka tworzenia terminów w terminologii biologicznej. Оkreślonа została rola metafory w naukowym obrazie świata w języku ukraińskim i polskim. Оpisano skojarzenia, które stały się podstawą przeniesienia metaforycznego.
EN
The article focuses on the analysis of metaphor as a way of creating terms in a biological terminology. Тhe role of the metaphor in creation the scientifi c picture of the world of the Ukrainian and Polish languages has been described. It has been found out which associations became the basis of a metaphorical transfer.
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