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PL
Celem pracy jest zbadanie znaczenia Wisły jak rzeki granicznej zarówno w kontekście historycznych podziałów kraju, jak i w obowiązującym podziale administracyjnym. Na podstawie map i literatury możliwe było określenie, na jakich odcinkach i w jakich okresach Wisła stanowiła granicę zapożyczoną z natury i gdzie rola Wisły jako rzeki granicznej cechuje się największą stabilnością.
EN
This work concerns the importance of the Vistula as a border borrowed from nature in historical and current divisions of Poland. Forms of this division have changed over the centuries several times. The first form of spatial government was the so-called neighboring communities – opola. In the Middle Ages there were new forms of organization of space such as a province and castellany. In the following centuries these forms changed and evolved. There were counties, municipalities and provinces. The period of the partitions of Poland, as well as two world wars brought changes to the internal division of the country, imposed by the invader administration. Political boundaries were repeatedly changed too. In many of these divisions, the Vistula River served as a natural basis for the designation of a border. It should be noted, that there are places where the border is more than five hundred years old. The current administrative landscape of Poland is a result of government reforms in 1999, which established a three-tier division of the country. The role of the Vistula as a border in this division is also clearly visible.
EN
The article aims at describing the forms of the theme of the Vistula River in Czesław Miłosz’s poetry. For this purpose, it transpires to be necessary to take account of Miłosz’s biographical conditions and consider the attitude of the writer towards the poetic tradition of the theme. Above all, the article is an attempt to reflect on its symbolic meanings and metaphysical functions. Reading poems or fragments of poems dedicated to the Vistula River (from the 40s and 50s) enables the development of the following thesis: the presence of this theme serves as means to identify the specificity of Polish history and diagnose the essence of Polish historical fate.
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EN
The river theme is one of the most outstandingly presented aquatic themes of The Spirit King. It is accumulated in four scenes of the poem. In the first rhapsody: in the symptomatic descent of Her-Armenian to the Styx, Lethe or Neman; next, in Popiel’s civil war at the Vistula. In the third rhapsody (as in Juliusz Kleiner’s edition), the theme is situated in Dobravna’s dream depicting her journey by the subterranean river to sunlit Jerusalem; and also in Bolesław Śmiały’s passages across the Bug and Dnieper. Rivers in genesian landscapes become mainly conceptualised as a part of genesian psychomachia, a battle of spirits included in the realistic/historic domain of conquests, passages, massacres and attacks. As the essentials of a prewar scenery in The Spirit King, they rarely happen to be an aspect of domestic life or Slavic hierophanies. In Slavic genesian calendar, water appears to be only a companion of the mystic fire ceremonies, like the rite of St. John’s Eve or the wedding of Mieczysław and Dobrawna (L. Nawarecka). That is also the reason why the interpretation of aquatic context of The Spirit King as yet another immanent context of the ‘great Slavic epic’ seems to be a form of reductionism, as it does not consider the ‘mystic structure of Słowacki’s imagination’ (M. Cieśla-Korytowska). The Vistula is a Polish Nile, the Neman becomes a Polish Lethe and the scene of cleaning the wounds by Her-Armenian on the banks of the Neman inherits somehow (right after the poem Beniowski) the dimension of the bards’ antagonism (Mickiewicz against Słowacki). The mythical hero of the poem may be seen, in a deeply intermediary manner, as the surpassing and overcoming of Mickiewicz’s Konrad from Dziady, Part III.
PL
Celem pracy jest ocena koncepcji rewitalizacji przestrzennej i społecznej osiedla Stary Fordon w Bydgoszczy w nawiązaniu do historii tego miejsca oraz zmian społecznych, a także ukazanie wszelkich działań, które zostały już w tym kierunku poczynione. Zakres czasowy pracy obejmuje lata 2014–2016. Główne prace polegały na kwerendzie materiałów źródłowych oraz przeprowadzeniu ankiety z mieszkańcami. W efekcie stwierdzono, że Stary Fordon to obszar o dużej wartości i potencjale, który dotyczy zarówno zasobów przestrzeni, jak i lokalnej społeczności. Ogólna ocena obecnie obowiązującej koncepcji rewitalizacji jest pozytywna. Trzeba jednak przyznać, że projekt nie spełnia wszystkich potrzeb mieszkańców. Należałoby rozwinąć przede wszystkim działania miękkie, społeczne
EN
The aim of the work is to evaluate the concept of spatial and social revitalization of the Stary Fordon housing estate in Bydgoszcz in reference to the history of this place and social changes, as well as to show all activities that have already been undertaken in this direction. The time frame of the work covers the years 2014-2016. The main tasks consisted in carrying out a query of source materials and conducting a survey with residents. As a result, it was stated that Stary Fordon is an area of high value and potential, which concerns both the resources of space and the local community. The overall assessment of the current revitalization concept is positive. However, it must be admitted that the project does not meet all the needs of the residents. It appears that it is mainly soft social activities which should be developed.
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