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EN
Aim. The Romanian Orthodox Church in Hungary and Yugoslavia encountered a series of shortcomings between the two world wars.  Conclusion. Regardless of the political realities of the times, the Romanians coalesced around the Romanian Orthodox Church. That is why, not by chance, the great poet Mihai Eminescu identifies the Romanian Orthodox Church with the institution that preserved the Latin element near the Danube. The activity of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Hungary and Yugoslavia in the interwar period was mainly performed by priests.  
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EN
In the years 1918-1939, trade constituted one of the main branches of economy. More people were employed in trade than in industry. The highest employment rate, however, was recorded in farming and crafts. The condition of the region depended entirely on the economic policy and the situation of the country. The trade plant network was characterized by irregular location. The majority of shops were located in not numerous towns, whereas in rural areas, which were populated by more than 80% of the inhabitants, shops were relatively rare. The sector structure showed superiority of shops, usually small or very small ones, selling foodstuffs. Another group of shops were stores selling clothes, footwear as well as materials. The interwar trade’s distinctive feature was also the nationality of shopkeepers, most of whom were Jewish.
RU
The following paper is a recollection of a series of articles by Tadeusz Kudliński, published in ”Ilustrowany Kurier Codzienny” (1936–37). “Teatralne mielizny” were very popular with readers, especially young playwrights, supported by the critic. The articles written by the Cracow „teatrał” (theatre man) aroused a heated discussion in the press, and the initiative to create Studio 39 can be regarded as its aftermath. Contrary to previous assurances concerning the final conclusion of the ”sandback” dispute, Kudliński took up the topic again nine months after the publication of the last part of the series, and his text “Przemówił dziad do obrazu” provoked the response by Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński. Thus, the whole discussion on the articles, as well as the theatre initiative brought to life by their soul, ends with three polemical texts, published in press, whose main character has, unexpectedly, become the hero of an old Polish proverb.
EN
The aim of the study is to identify various systems of matrimonial law in force in the territory of the Republic of Poland in the interwar period; in the central, southern and western provinces. There were five different systems of matrimonial law in the area of the Republic of Poland, however the most important of them: the law on marriage of 16 March 1836 — in force in the territory of the former Polish Kingdom, Austrian Civil Code (ABGB) of 1811 — in force in the territory of the former Austrian partition and German Civil Code (BGB ) of 1896 — in force in the territory of the former Prussian partition, were discussed in this article. The different institutions of the personal matrimonial law, taking into account the regulations of individual legal systems concerning betrothal, marriage and its effects, dissolution of the marriageor married life, and the impact of the effects of divorce and separation on the legal relationship between spouses, were described in the article. The main aim was to compare the matrimonial law having a strictly religious nature (Polish Kingdom) with the law, in which the principles of the canon law were in force as the rules of civil law, however the church law was taken into account only to a very limited extent (ABGB), and with the law, in which the institution of marriage was only a public institution (BGB).
EN
Observations on the Soviet Vocabulary in the Ethnic Polish Language and the Soviet Polish Language in the Interwar Period (Based on Trzaska-Evert-Michalski “Encyclopedic Dictionary of Foreign Words” and “Trybuna Radziecka,” 1927–1938)The paper discusses the Soviet vocabulary extracted from “Trybuna Radziecka”, a cen­tral Polish weekly published in Moscow in 1927–1938 and edited by Polish left‑wing intelligentsia, living in the USRR as political émigrés in this period as well as some Sovietisms included in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Foreign Words, edited by S. Lam, published by Trzaska-Evert-Michalski in Warsaw in 1939. The author tries to demon­strate that the new realities of life and state power in the Soviet Union had immense influence on the Polish language in Russia in the interwar period, and especially on the language of “Trybuna Radziecka.” This weekly was imbued with Sovietisms. They were in common use of the Poles living in Soviet Russia in the interwar period. The Soviet vocabulary in Trzaska-Evert-Michalski dictionary represents two layers. The first one includes lexical items fully assimilated by the Polish language, e.g. kołchoz, komsomolec. The second one contains exotic words, used occasionally, e.g. ispołkom, krasnoarmiejec, otlicznik, piatiletka. Uwagi o sowietyzmach w polszczyźnie etnicznej i radzieckiej w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym (na materiale Encyklopedycznego słownika wyrazów obcych. Pochodzenie wyrazów, wymowa, objaśnienia pojęć, skróty, przysłowia, cytaty Trzaski, Everta, Michalskiego i moskiewskiej „Trybuny Radzieckiej” z lat 1927–1938)W artykule omówiono słownictwo radzieckie zarejestrowane w Encyklopedycznym słowniku wyrazów obcych wydanym w 1939 r. w Warszawie przez Trzaskę, Everta, Michalskiego, pod redakcją S. Lama i jednocześnie odzwierciedlone w „Trybunie Radzieckiej”, która ukazywała się w Moskwie w latach 1927–1938. Sowietyzmy zamieszczone w słowniku Trzaski i in. można podzielić na dwie grupy. Pierwszą grupę stanowią wyrazy, które nigdy nie były w powszechnym użyciu w komunikacji językowej Polaków, mogły się pojawiać okazjonalnie w tekstach publicystycznych, zyskując odcień żartobliwy czy ironiczny. Zapożyczenia te nie są zasymilowane (np. ispołkom, krasnoarmiejec, otlicznik, piatiletka). Grupę drugą tworzą wyrazy będące jedynymi nazwami określonych desygnatów, niezbędnych do opisania socjalistycznej rzeczywistości w Rosji radzieckiej. Są one całkowicie przyswojone przez język polski (np. agitka, kołchoz, komsomolec). W odróżnieniu od polszczyzny ogólnej, w pore­wolucyjnej polszczyźnie radzieckiej wszystkie te jednostki występowały bez żadnych ograniczeń (często świadczy o tym ich duża frekwencja tekstowa oraz rejestracja w innych źródłach radzieckich).
EN
The article elucidates the endangerment to Poland's military security by the USSR in the interwar period of three sub-periods: 1921-1926, 1926-1935, and 1935-1939. The fragmentary sources of the undertaken research complexity are dispersed, secured in the Polish and foreign archives. In Poland, the reconnoiter of this topic began after the turn of 1989. Almost throughout the entire period under investigation, the Polish supreme State and military authorities assessed that the USSR (until December 30th, 1922, Russia) is the biggest threat to Poland's military security. In March 1939, they reconsidered this assessment focusing on Germany as the main threat to Poland's independence, mistakenly assuming that in the early period of the war, the USSR would remain neutral. The article analyzes, therefore, the Polish assessments of the USSR's sinister actions aimed at undermining the security of the Republic of Poland, and Polish counteractive decisions and safeguarding activities
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Polski epizod Aleksandra Wertyńskiego

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EN
Alexander Vertinsky belongs to the group of representatives of the first wave of Russian emigration, whose refugee history interwove with Poland. The article discusses the issue of the singer’s multiple stays in Poland in the interwar period. While visiting our country, the artist gave concerts in many cities, recorded albums, collaborated with the “second stream theatre”, and made numerous acquaintances, among others, in the environment of actors, writers and politicians.
EN
The article deals with the specific presence of the term romanticism in the interwar period (1918–1939) in Czechoslovakia. In the introduction, the author stresses the lack of a precise definition of the term as well as two ways of understanding it. On the one hand, the term romanticism refers to the complex historical and literary movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century. On the other hand, however, it is associated with something trivial, which does not deserve much attention. The author attempts to analyse the way  the  term  is  used  in  literary  discussions  and  polemics  in  the  interwar period in Czechoslovakia. The author comes to the conclusion that the term 'romanticism' was a sort of historical and literary label stuck to adversaries in order to belittle them and their ideas.
RU
In my article I reconstructed the picture of literary and theatrical Cracow in the years 1918–1939, represented in the memorials 'Młodości mej stolica. Pamiętnik krakowianina' z okresu między wojnami (the extended edition, 1984), written by Tadeusz Kudliński. The author was an active participant of the cultural life of this city and a bystander of the great social and historical changes after Poland regained its independence in 1918. I tried to confront his subjective view of the important artistic events and processes in the interwar period with the objectivism of historical studies. Kudliński presented a complete and detailed image but, naturally, he paid more attention only to some facts, disregarding or briefly mentioning others. I wanted to understand the motivation behind thematic selection of the material. In the first part of this article, I analysed Kudliński’s „gallery of the portraits” of Cracovian writers and theatre people, paying special attention to the applied genre convention and description method. In the second part, I presented some individual elements of the literary Cracow panorama: professional organisation and institutionalisation of the literary life, the functioning of the publishing market, the development of local newspapers and periodicals, the financial situation of the writers and the meaning of tradition and avant-garde. In the third part, I reconstructed the image of the theatrical Cracow and the author’s views on the philosophy and aesthetics of the theatre. My main objective was to show the great documentary value of Kudliński’s memories – due to their factographic credibility and variety of content 'Młodości mej stolica' can be a valuable source of knowledge about the history of Cracow.
EN
In my article I reconstructed the picture of literary and theatrical Cracow in the years 1918–1939, represented in the memorials 'Młodości mej stolica. Pamiętnik krakowianina z okresu między wojnami' (the extended edition, 1984), written by Tadeusz Kudliński. The author was an active participant of the cultural life of this city and a bystander of the great social and historical changes after Poland regained its independence in 1918. I tried to confront his subjective view of the important artistic events and processes in the interwar period with the objectivism of historical studies. Kudliński presented a complete and detailed image but, naturally, he paid more attention only to some facts, disregarding or briefly mentioning others. I wanted to understand the motivation behind thematic selection of the material. In the first part of this article, I analysed Kudliński’s „gallery of the portraits” of Cracovian writers and theatre people, paying special attention to the applied genre convention and description method. In the second part, I presented some individual elements of the literary Cracow panorama: professional organisation and institutionalisation of the literary life, the functioning of the publishing market, the development of local newspapers and periodicals, the financial situation of the writers and the meaning of tradition and avant-garde. In the third part, I reconstructed the image of the theatrical Cracow and the author’s views on the philosophy and aesthetics of the theatre. My main objective was to show the great documentary value of Kudliński’s memories – due to their factographic credibility and variety of content 'Młodości mej stolica' can be a valuable source of knowledge about the history of Cracow.
DE
In my article I reconstructed the picture of literary and theatrical Cracow in the years 1918–1939, represented in the memorials 'Młodości mej stolica. Pamiętnik krakowianina z okresu między wojnami' (the extended edition, 1984), written by Tadeusz Kudliński. The author was an active participant of the cultural life of this city and a bystander of the great social and historical changes after Poland regained its independence in 1918. I tried to confront his subjective view of the important artistic events and processes in the interwar period with the objectivism of historical studies. Kudliński presented a complete and detailed image but, naturally, he paid more attention only to some facts, disregarding or briefly mentioning others. I wanted to understand the motivation behind thematic selection of the material. In the first part of this article, I analysed Kudliński’s „gallery of the portraits” of Cracovian writers and theatre people, paying special attention to the applied genre convention and description method. In the second part, I presented some individual elements of the literary Cracow panorama: professional organisation and institutionalisation of the literary life, the functioning of the publishing market, the development of local newspapers and periodicals, the financial situation of the writers and the meaning of tradition and avant-garde. In the third part, I reconstructed the image of the theatrical Cracow and the author’s views on the philosophy and aesthetics of the theatre. My main objective was to show the great documentary value of Kudliński’s memories – due to their factographic credibility and variety of content 'Młodości mej stolica' can be a valuable source of knowledge about the history of Cracow.
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie uwarunkowań rozwoju i prezentacja osiągnięć w zakresie działalności rekreacyjnej i sportowej pracowników więziennictwa polskiego w okresie międzywojennym. Odzyskanie przez Polskę niepodległości w 1918 r. zmobilizowało reprezentantów wielu grup zawodowych (policjantów, wojskowych, personel więzienny) do podjęcia inicjatywy utworzenia zrzeszeń branżowych. Ich głównym zadaniem była wszechstronna pomoc, opieka lekarska oraz troska o zachowanie zdrowia poprzez organizowanie działalności w zakresie rekreacji i sportu. Przedstawiciele więziennictwa już w styczniu 1919 r. powołali Związek Dozorców i Pracowników Więziennych, przemianowany wkrótce na Związek Pracowników Więziennych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Dostrzegając znaczenie aktywności fizycznej dla prawidłowego rozwoju organizmu oraz konieczność regeneracji sił po wyczerpującej pracy, Związek wystąpił z projektem budowy domów uzdrowiskowych, tworzenia stanic wodnych, powołania klubów sportowych oraz organizowania rywalizacji sportowej. Początkowo działalność w tym zakresie rozwijała się powoli, ale z czasem objęła coraz więcej oddziałów Związku, działających w zakładach karnych na terenie całego kraju. Do końca lat 30. XX w. stan infrastruktury uzdrowiskowej, rekreacyjnej i sportowej osiągnął zadowalający poziom, a zasady współzawodnictwa sportowego zostały ustalone.
EN
The aim of the article is to discuss conditions for the development and a presentation of achievements in the field of recreational and sports activity of Prison Officers Poland in the interwar period. When Poland regained independence in 1918, it mobilized many representatives of professional groups (the police, the military, the prison staff) to take the initiative of creating trade associations. Their main task was comprehensive help, medical care and concern for the preservation of health by organizing activities in the field of recreation and sports. In January 1919, representatives of the penitentiaries established the Prison Guards and Officers Association renamed soon the Prison Officers Association of the Republic of Poland. Recognizing the importance of physical activity for the proper development of the organism and the need to recover after exhausting work, the Association came up with a project of building health and medical resorts and creating boathouses, as well as establishing sports clubs and organizing sports competition. Initially, the activities in this field developed slowly but gradually the action involved more and more branches of the Association in prisons throughout the country. By the end of the 30s of the twentieth century, the state of health spa infrastructure, recreation and sports had reached a satisfactory level and the rules of sporting competition had been established.
EN
The author analyzes the books for children and young adults written by Kornel Makuszyński in the interwar period in the context of modernity. The article discusses the motifs of travelling by train, flying by airplane, urban and industrial landscapes, construction of the Gdynia seaport, and others, in selected 1930s novels: Awantura o Basię (Argument about Basia), Wielka brama (The Great Gate), Skrzydlaty chłopiec (The Winged Boy) and Wyprawa pod psem (Expedition with a Dog). On the basis of those works of fiction the author discusses Makuszyński’s attitude to progress, urbanization and technological developments, i.e. the phenomena which absorbed Polish society between the two world wars.
EN
The women’s sodalities existing in the interwar period in Krakow consisted of women deriving from different backgrounds – they gathered teachers, clerks, the members of the Female Teacher Seminar in Krakow, and higher educated ladies. The provisions of the state law concerning the rules of creating associations did not apply to them. The sodalities were subject only to the provisions of canon law. Th ey focused especially on the spiritual development of their members and helping them in religious development. The statutes of the women’s sodalities in Krakow presented in the article despite being similar in many regulations were adopted to the specific situation of different sodalities. In addition it could be seen that the sodalities statutes were trying to develop and in
PL
Sodalicje mariańskie kobiet działające w okresie międzywojennym w Krakowie skupiały w swoich kręgach osoby wywodzące się z różnych środowisk – nauczycielki, urzędniczki, członkinie Seminarium Nauczycielskiego Żeńskiego w Krakowie czy też kobiety legitymujące się wyższym wykształceniem. Były to organizacje, do których nie znajdowały zastosowania przepisy prawa państwowego regulujące prawo do stowarzyszania się – podlegały wyłącznie przepisom prawa kanonicznego. Sodalicje kładły nacisk przede wszystkim na ukształtowanie duchowe członków i zapewniały im pomoc w rozwoju religijnym. W statutach omawianych w pracy sodalicji kobiet działających w latach 1918–1939 w Krakowie pomimo podobieństwa widać dostosowanie dokumentów do potrzeb konkretnej grupy społecznej, dla której były tworzone. Widoczne jest ponadto poszerzanie statutów o nowe niezbędne rozwiązania, choćby w kwestii powoływania organów kontrolnych w sodalicjach
EN
The study describes the cultural relations between the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia in the interwar period from the perspective of the Netherlands – Czechoslovak Association (Vereniging Nederland – Tsjechoslowakije) which was founded in the Netherlands in 1922 and whose activities were interrupted by World War II. In the end, the association ceased to exist after the February coup in Czechoslovakia. Due to the fact that the cultural agreement between Czechoslovakia and the Netherlands wasn’t signed until 1937, the activities of the organization, which aimed at promoting cultural awareness of Czechoslovakia in the Netherlands, belonged to a significant moment in the mutual relations of the two countries especially with regards to culture.
EN
The purpose of the article is a portrayal of a stereotypical national and confessional notion of a Polish Catholic and German Protestant during the interwar period (1920-1939) in Kościerzyna as well as a complementation of the results of general studies of the town’s history. The assumption stating that the existing stereotype was formed during the Reformation as an aftermath of the encounter between two dissimilar sets of culture, nationality and faith points towards the stereotype’s durable character as well as its prevalence and influence on how the individuals belonging to the two realms perceived one another. This has rendered questions regarding the origins of the said stereotype extremely urgent, in particular with regard to Kościerzyna as part of Kashubia. Furthermore, the characteristic traits and the content of the stereotype is another area of inquiry. Thirdly, what factors shaped the body of the above mentioned stereotype and how it was perpetuated in the communal mind is another matter of interest. An exhaustive analysis of the archival sources including population records, documents drawn by the town’s public servants and a district office’s reports allowed to recreate the town’s ethnic structure in the period of 1920-1939 and proved that German Catholics and Polish Protestants were found among its inhabitants. That said, analysis of the body of the literature, the press, written memoirs and collected interviews (based on Jan Błuszkowski’s statute concept of a stereotype) revealed that the essence of the stereotype is rooted in associating nationality with confession, a dualistic notion of us versus them and other characteristic features such as durability, irrelevance of experience, activation of language, emotionally-burdened valuing and reliance on a partially twisted image of the investigated community.
EN
This paper has been inspired by social sciences. According to Stanisław Ossowski, social consciousness is the sum of ideas, opinions and convictions shared by a society. Every community has the ability to construct its own language ideologies (denoted in Polish by the term świadomość językowa ‘language awareness’). The paper describes how the part of social consciousness that is related to the language, was reflected in Polish press after the regaining of the independence. Attitudes towards variation and all the other linguistic phenomena seem to have been influenced by the previous partition of the country, and regional and political stereotypes. View of the language was based on both linguistic knowledge and the common opinion. The paper attempts to demonstrate that social consciousness consists largely of general and mutually exclusive opinions which a more detailed analysis does not support. Notwithstanding, these convictions do have an indirect influence on the development of the language.
PL
Artykuł zawiera omówienie procesu tworzenia się polskiego sądownictwa pracy i jego genezy po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości w 1918 r. Zawarte zostało w nim omówienie funkcjonowania sądownictwa pracy na podstawie dwóch podstawowych aktów prawnych regulujących tę kwestię w okresie międzywojennym, tj. Rozporządzenia Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 22 marca 1928 r. o sądach pracy i Rozporządzenia Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 24 października 1934 r. Prawo o sądach pracy, a także podstawowe różnice w tych regulacjach prawnych. Poddana analizie została kwestia struktury organizacyjnej sądów pracy, ich kompetencji i trybu postępowania w sporach podlegających ich jurysdykcji. Przedstawiona została również ocena efektywności sądów pracy w okresie międzywojennym i wpływ ich utworzenia na możliwość egzekwowania swoich praw przez pracowników.
EN
The article provides an overview of the process of the formation of Polish judiciary of work and its origins after Poland regained independence in 1918. It is an overview of the functioning of the judiciary of work based on two basic legal acts that regulate the issue in the interwar period i.e. Regulation of the President of the Republic of Poland of March 22,1928 of the labour courts and the Regulation of thePresident of the Republic of Poland of 24 October 1934 labour courts law as well as fundamental differences in these instruments. The issue of organisational structure of the labour courts, their competence and conduct disputes within their jurisdiction have been analysed. The evaluation of the effectiveness of labour courts in the interwar period, and the impact of their creation on the ability to enforce their rights by employees has also been presented.
EN
In 1918 Poland regained independence. Reconstruction of the country encountered a lot of problems. Education constituted one of the areas that required a lot of work and expenditure and which suffered from shortage in all its spheres - it lacked structures, experience, textbooks and, in the first place, competent staff. The Salesian Society, which had been present on the Polish territories of Austrian seizure from 1898, actively took part in the country’s reconstruction processes. Comprehensive secondary schools were the first object of Salesian activity. Due to a high number of war orphans, it was also a prerequisite to open orphanages and children’s homes. The Salesians realized that one of the most effective methods of bringing help to poor young people was to enable them to acquire a profession. Therefore, following the indications of their Founder, they commenced organizing vocational training. Establishment of the first vocational school in Oświęcim and consequent opening of other institutions of that type resulted in naming the Salesians as the order of “craft”.
PL
W 1918 r. Polska odzyskała niepodległość. Odbudowa kraju napotykała na wiele trudności. Jednym z obszarów wymagającym wiele pracy i nakładów była oświata. Na tym polu brakowało wszystkiego – struktur, doświadczenia, podręczników, a przed wszystkim kompetentnej kadry. W proces odbudowy kraju czynnie włączyło się Towarzystwo Salezjańskie, obecne już na ziemiach polskich zaboru austriackiego od 1898 r. Pierwszym obszarem działalności salezjanów były szkoły ogólnokształcące. Ze względu na dużą liczbę sierot wojennych otwierano również sierocińce i domy dziecka. W pracy młodzieżowej salezjanie zdawali sobie sprawę, że jedną ze skuteczniejszych metod niesienia pomocy młodzieży biednej, będzie umożliwienie jej zdobycia zawodu. Dlatego, zgodnie ze wskazaniami swojego Założyciela, rozpoczęli organizowanie kształcenia zawodowego. Rozkwit pierwszej szkoły zawodowej w Oświęcimiu i powstawanie kolejnych, zaowocowało nazwaniem salezjanów zakonem „rzemieślniczym”.
EN
Deputies interpellations are a valuable material for research policy Polish nationality in the years 1918–1939 (including the Polish-Ukrainian) and the role and place of the police in socio-political life of the state. Note, however, that the parliamentary interpellation were not always objective, and Members can give is not always verified data. So it is a source that should be handled with caution. The image of the police in the light of the interpellation deputies representing national minorities was mostly negative. In numerous interpellations they accused the police of unjustified use of repressive measures, persecution, unjustified use of violence to obtain testimony in making the crime and on the use of firearms to intimidate the local population. It should be noted that after each complaint, an investigation was carried out, but in most cases the result was not satisfactory to the party suing.
PL
Poselskie interpelacje są cennym materiałem dla badań polityki narodowościowej Polski w latach 1918–1939 (w tym i stosunków polsko-ukraińskich) oraz roli i miejsca policji w życiu społeczno-politycznym państwa. Należy jednak pamiętać, że poselskie interpelacje nie zawsze były obiektywne, a posłowie mogli podawać nie zawsze sprawdzone dane. Jest to więc źródło, którym należy posługiwać się z pewną ostrożnością.Wizerunek organów policyjnych w świetle interpelacji posłów reprezentujących mniejszości narodowe był przeważnie negatywny. W licznych interpelacjach oskarżano policję o stosowanie nieuzasadnionych środków represyjnych, prześladowań, bezpodstawnych środków przemocy w celu uzyskania przyznania się do winy oraz o wykorzystanie broni palnej do zastraszania ludności miejscowej. Należy zaznaczyć, że po każdej skardze przeprowadzano dochodzenie, lecz w większości wypadków rezultat nie był zadawalający dla strony pozywającej.
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