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Kontrowersje wokół męczeństwa w starożytnym kościele – stanowisko Tertuliana

100%
Kubiszewska E.
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
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2012
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vol. 31
229-242
EN
Tertullian in his works referred to controversial issues which had happened during persecution of the first believers of the Christ. The Christianity required from its followers even martyrdom, for which they received a priceless prize: the eternal life. The martyrdom was not ordered but was a free choice and sprang from the willpower of God. Carthaginian firmly objected to the escape during persecution. From conducted analysis of his texts can be seen that his view on this subject changed. In the period of the Catholic faith he supported the escape but converting on Montanizm disregarded it, because given that persecution originated from God, it could not be nothing bad. Particularly he condemned clergymen shirking the martyrdom as it was them that should be a model for faithful and a support in heavy moments of doubt. Carthaginian was a rigorous opponent of buying himself out from the martyrdom. According to Tertullian, since the Jesus laid down his life for all people, there was no price which could equal this act and redeem the man back from the martyrdom. Such a way of avoiding persecuting was unworthy to follow by faithful of Christ.
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Postawa męczenników wobec państwa i władzy państwowej według Tertuliana

72%
Kubiszewska-Krasowska E.
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
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2014
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vol. 35
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issue 2
137-147
EN
Tertullian held a rigorous opinion about the attitude of martyrs towards the state and people in power. He analyzed the cases of Christians involving in the social life of pagans. Among others, he discussed the issue of military service, the work of teachers and government officials as well as the relationship of Christians to the emperor. The necessity to kill in case of soldiers, to participate in pagan ceremonies and work in government positions were all associated with violation of Christian principles. The faithful were obliged to pray for the well-being of the emperor and of the Roman Empire. Christians’ aversion towards the state increased during their persecutions. They were not good government officials because, due to their faith, they were unable to fully execute all commands and were sentenced to martyrdom in consequence. It can be concluded that Tertullian encouraged withdrawal from the life of the state in order to remain faithful to God.
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