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EN
In July 2021, Russia submitted its first inter-state complaint against Ukraine to the European Court of Human Rights. It was an unexpected and intriguing step of the Russian government, especially since many of the presented allegations are linked to the events that initiated the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Referring to the hostilities that began in 2014, the international community was, in principle, unanimous in assessing who the aggressor was. The focus of this research is the strategy of the Russian Federation in its recently initiated legal battle before the Strasbourg Court. This paper presents an attempt to outline the possible motives for taking such a step. Moscow's position on this case is particularly puzzling, as some of the allegations concern the Crimean Peninsula, widely recognized under international law as territory occupied by Russia. In spite of that, doubt arises about the strategic objectives of the Russian authorities in the conflict with Ukraine; the question is whether the actions taken by Russia fall within the scope of its previous strategy or if there has been a new turn in the matter. The first part of this paper outlines the background of the given conflict, the second details Russian policy after the annexation of Crimea, and the third, which is crucial for the formulating of conclusions, presents considerations on Russia's possible motivation and goals in filing a complaint to the European Court Human Rights. The research was conducted mainly based on the merits of the complaint, the statements of the representatives of Russia and Ukraine in the matter, the author's observations, and practitioners' considerations.
PL
Autor analizuje w artykule jedną z metod manipulowania ofiarami operacji dezinformacyjnych realizowanych przez sowieckie (rosyjskie) służby specjalne. Polega ona na włączaniu w trakcie operacji agentury, która pozornie daje możliwość weryfikowania informacji uzyskiwanych przez ofiary od wcześniej podsuniętych agentów dezinformacyjnych i która może – w celu zdobycia zaufania ofiar – uczestniczyć w demaskowaniu i podważaniu wiarygodności agentury wykorzystanej wcześniej. Tę metodę autor określa obrazowo jako „system matrioszek”. W artykule opisano zastosowanie wyżej wspomnianego systemu na przykładzie działań sowieckiego kontrwywiadu wobec białej emigracji w 1927 r. i postawiono hipotezy oparte na założeniach opisanej metody, odniesione także do wydarzeń współczesnych (wojny w Gruzji oraz infiltracji przez służby rosyjskie ugrupowań uplasowanych na przeciwstawnych krańcach spektrum politycznego).
EN
The author analyzes one of methods of manipulating with victims of disinformation operations carried out by the Soviet/Russian special services, consisting of the inclusion of the disinformation agents during the operation, which seemingly offer the opportunity to verify the intelligence obtained by victims of disinformation from previous disinformation agents, but who may also - to win the trust of the victims - participate in unmasking and undermining trust in the agents previously used to deceive the vitims. This method is described graphically as the “matrix system”. The article, although describes the use of the “matrix system” on the example of Soviet counterintelligence activities against the white emigration in 1927, simultaneously attempts to put forward hypotheses based on assumptions of the described method, referring to contemporary events like the war in Georgia or infiltration by Russian services of groups placed on opposing extremes of the political spectrum.
EN
The author analyzes one of methods of manipulating with victims of disinformation operations carried out by the Soviet/Russian special services, consisting of the inclusion of the disinformation agents during the operation, which seemingly offer the opportunity to verify the intelligence obtained by victims of disinformation from previous disinformation agents, but who may also - to win the trust of the victims - participate in unmasking and undermining trust in the agents previously used to deceive the vitims. This method is described graphically as the “matrix system”. The article, although describes the use of the “matrix system” on the example of Soviet counterintelligence activities against the white emigration in 1927, simultaneously attempts to put forward hypotheses based on assumptions of the described method, referring to contemporary events like the war in Georgia or infiltration by Russian services of groups placed on opposing extremes of the political spectrum.
PL
Autor analizuje w artykule jedną z metod manipulowania ofiarami operacji dezinformacyjnych realizowanych przez sowieckie (rosyjskie) służby specjalne. Polega ona na włączaniu w trakcie operacji agentury, która pozornie daje możliwość weryfikowania informacji uzyskiwanych przez ofiary od wcześniej podsuniętych agentów dezinformacyjnych i która może – w celu zdobycia zaufania ofiar – uczestniczyć w demaskowaniu i podważaniu wiarygodności agentury wykorzystanej wcześniej. Tę metodę autor określa obrazowo jako „system matrioszek”. W artykule opisano zastosowanie wyżej wspomnianego systemu na przykładzie działań sowieckiego kontrwywiadu wobec białej emigracji w 1927 r. i postawiono hipotezy oparte na założeniach opisanej metody, odniesione także do wydarzeń współczesnych (wojny w Gruzji oraz infiltracji przez służby rosyjskie ugrupowań uplasowanych na przeciwstawnych krańcach spektrum politycznego).
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