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EN
This essay examines the short fiction of Ernest Hemingway in the light of Mircea Eliade’s notion of the camouflage of the sacred and the larval survival of original spiritual meaning. A subterranean love pulsates beneath the terse dialogue of Hemingway’s characters whose inner life we glimpse only obliquely. In the short play (“Today Is Friday”) and four short stories (“The Killers,” “A Clean Well-Lighted Place,” “Old Man at the Bridge,” and “The Light of the World,” discussed here, light imagery, biblical allusions, and the figure of Christ, reveal a hidden imaginary universe. This sacral dimension has been largely overlooked by critics who dwell on the ostensible spiritual absence that characterizes Hemingway’s fiction.
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EN
The article aims to discuss transgressive aspects of the work of art understood as a festival against the background of classical hermeneutics. The sacred and the profane domains evident in the festival emerge even as man enters that spiritual dimension of the world which is free from everyday limitations, and to which Gadamer aptly refers as the timeless now. The article proposes that it is precisely thanks to the work of art that man can gain an insight into the unremitting Heraclitean vicissitude of all things. The work of art, which crystallizes and perpetuates time, allows man to transcend change and to experience in creation an analogue of divine independence. Without festivity introduced by art, human existence would either be reduced to technical barbarity or would become routine, which, for Ricoeur, stands as the figure of damnation. The work of art is, therefore, not merely a work of art: it is the struggle for a truly human existence.
EN
The article discusses the issue of the sacred in contemporary German poetry, basing on selected psalm poems by Reiner Kunze, Ralf Rothmann, Wilhelm Willms and Eva Zeller. A theoretical basis for the present study is provided by the work of Rudolf Otto, together with some conclusions made by Polish and German literary scholars who have dealt with the issue. The objective is to look at the ways in which the sacred constitutes itself in a literary work on the planes of the vocabulary, thematic content and axiology. The author has attempted to demonstrate a correspondence between the semantic aspect of the text and the sphere of the sacred. The latter is understood, first, as the transcendent – more precisely as the divine, tending towards the absolute, and secondly – as a form of beliefs related to a particular religion, in this case – to Christianity. The egocentric method assumes that the sacred is inherent in a literary text itself, while the phenomenological approach enables observation of the phenomenon of the sacred in the text without being conditioned by any particular religion.
PL
Artykuł został poświęcony zagadnieniu sacrum we współczesnej poezji niemieckiej na przykładzie wierszy-psalmów Reinera Kunze, Ralfa Rothmanna, Wilhelma Willmsa i Evy Zeller. Podstawę teoretyczną niniejszego szkicu stanowi dzieło Rudolfa Otto oraz ustalenia współczesnych literaturoznawców zarówno polskich, jak i niemieckich zajmujących się omawianą tematyką. Celem rozważań jest prześledzenie sposobu konstytuowania się sacrum w dziele literackim na płaszczyźnie słownictwa, tematyki i aksjologii. Autorka stara się ukazać odniesienie semantycznej wymowy dzieła do sfery sacrum, rozumianego najpierw jako to, co transcendentne, w ujęciu węższym jako święte, wskazujące na absolut, aż wreszcie przybierające postać przeświadczeń związanych z daną religią, w tym wypadku chrześcijańską. Metoda ergocentryczna zakłada, że sacrum jest obecne w samym tekście literackim, a podejście fenomenologiczne pozwala na nieuwarunkowaną wyznaniowo obserwację fenomenu sacrum w utworze.
EN
Controversial religious groups are a phenomenon accompanying the man for a long time. Fascinate, captivate, reflect, inspire. Despite the existence of several works on the unique issues and research related to it constantly raises questions and concerns that are difficult to dispel, for which there is no clear and simple answers. This publication is the result of the author’s thoughts, her personal perspective on this interesting part of social reality. Attention was focused on a few issues which seem to be leading. Firstly, on the possibility of mutual replacing dates sect - controversial religious group. Secondly, on classifying phenomena which are taking place on rich, religious stage. Thirdly, on effects of the stay in groups stirring up controversy, including the use of their unethical practices - the brainwashing and the mind control. The last, fourth dilemma is correlating with the accessibility to forms of this type, rather hermetic of the community and the attitude presented towards them by the researcher which ultimately affect the test result. The article doesn’t exhaust the issues and indeed it can be treated, for the invitation to dialogue, exchanges of the opinions, effects that are essential to the development of science.
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EN
The article seeks to reflect upon the manner of perceiving reality (the so-called reversed perspective) associated with the Byzantine tradition of icon painting which was in evidence in the Ruthenian and Russian cultural circle from the 12th to the first half of the 17th century.
PL
The article discusses the issue of the return of the forgotten poets as a function of the literary paradigm subjected to changes at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the light of such a view, the crisis in the development of poetry would be one of the factors letting the forgotten poets’ voice be heard. Another one seems to be the alienation of late 19th-century authors seeking or involuntarily finding partners for a dialogue in tradition, not in contemporary times. The text raises the subject of the sacredness of the poetic word, referring it both to the socio-literary realities of the turn of the centuries and to the broadly defined tradition. In the paper, the author focuses on Cyprian Norwid (and his reader, Zenon Przesmycki) and Stefan George (for whom Stephane Mallarmé turns out to be an important poetic reference).
EN
The article presents baptism and dedication in the context of the duality of the sacred profane. The author shows the struggle between the Communist authorities with the Church, pushing religion to the margins and secularizing Poles and Slovaks through administrative actions. Both in Poland and Slovakia they had to divert the faithful from religious ceremonies and reception of the sacraments, by taking over the administrative organization of secular ceremonies. The article presents the script and setting of the dedication Uvitanie detí to života in the communist era. Then the author presents the current state in both countries. She notes that after the fall of communism, today in Polish offices this event is not organized, contrary to Slovakia, where it survived and operates in Slovak society. The text includes a description of the contemporary Uvitanie detí to života ceremony, which is not that different to those of communist times. It emphasizes that, in turn, in Poland there are alternative baptism ceremonies, modeled on Western habits – naming party, which draws the interest of certain groups.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest chrzest i nadanie imienia w kontekście dualizmu sacrum – profanum. Autorka ukazuje walkę władz komunistycznych z Kościołem, spychanie religii na margines i laicyzowanie Polaków i Słowaków poprzez działania o charakterze administracyjnym. Zarówno w Polsce, jak i na Słowacji miały one na celu odciągnięcie wiernych od uroczystości religijnych i przyjmowania sakramentów świętych poprzez przejęcie przez administrację państwową organizacji świeckich obrzędów. W artykule został przedstawiony scenariusz i oprawa dedykacji (uvítanie detí do života) w czasach komunistycznych. Następnie autorka prezentuje stan obecny w obu krajach. Zwraca uwagę, że po upadku komunizmu współcześnie w polskich urzędach nie organizuje się tej uroczystości w przeciwieństwie do Słowacji, gdzie przetrwała i funkcjonuje w społeczeństwie słowackim. W tekście został zawarty opis współczesnej ceremonii uvítanie detí do života, która niewiele różni się od tej z czasów komunistycznych. Podkreśla się, że z kolei w Polsce pojawiają się uroczystości alternatywne dla chrztu, wzorowane na zachodnich zwyczajach – naming party, które budzą zainteresowanie pewnych grup.
EN
Architecture links the pragmatic and metaphysical dimension of the culture. This phenomenon of architecture is particularly visible in sacred buildings. Churches are also the signs of the sacred in the “semiotic landscape” of modern cities. The full meaning of sacred architecture is not only connected with the institutionalised forms of religious cult. The value of location, plan composition, outlines’ shapes, architectural detail make these buildings the reinterpretation of the sacred buildings’ archetypes. In their forms we can interpret the meaning of universal symbols: a road, gate, nave, vault, tower, light and colours. We can find the sequences of these notions in modern buildings which semantic dimension lacks direct references to religion. The attributes typical of churches imitate architectural forms of museums, opera houses, theatres and shopping arcades ... The redefinition in the cultural space is deepened by the signs of “parasacralization” of its areas which have been connected so far with mass culture, entertainment or even commerce or consumption. The ideas of the sacred and beauty – having been redefined for ages – still determine the nature of erected buildings which were religiously inspired. We can identify the elements of these ideas in diverse forms of space which is used for meditation, prayer and liturgy. The symbolic originators of their architecture, which contemporary-wise keep a particular power of message, are light and colours.
PL
Architektura spaja wymiar pragmatyczny z wymiarem metafizycznym kultury. Szczególnie czytelnymi wyrazami tego fenomenu architektury są budowle sakralne. Świątynie są również znakami sacrum w „krajobrazie semiotycznym” współczesnych miast. Pełny sens architektury sakralnej nie wiąże się wyłącznie z instytucjonalnymi formami kultu religijnego. Walory lokalizacji, kompozycje planów, kształty sylwet, detale architektoniczne czynią te budowle reinterpretacjami archetypów budowli sakralnych. W ich formach odczytujemy wymowę uniwersalnych symboli: drogi, bramy, nawy, sklepienia, wieży, światła i kolorów. Sekwencje tych pojęć rozpoznajemy także we współczesnych budowlach, których wymiar znaczeniowy pozbawiony jest bezpośrednich odniesień do religii. Przymioty właściwe świątyniom naśladują formy architektoniczne muzeów, oper, teatrów, galerii handlowych... Przewartościowania w przestrzeni kulturowej pogłębiają obecnie przejawy „parasakralizacji” tych jej obszarów, które dotąd związane były z kulturą masową, rozrywką, czy nawet handlem lub konsumpcją. Idee sacrum i piękno - poddawane od wielu stuleci redefinicjom - wciąż wyznaczają istotę budowli wznoszonych z inspiracji religijnych. Pierwiastki tych idei identyfikujemy w różnorodnych formach przestrzeni, służących medytacji, modlitwie i liturgii. Symbolicznymi kreatorami ich architektury - zachowującymi współcześnie szczególną siłę wyrazu - są światło i kolor.
Adeptus
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2016
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issue 7
36-49
EN
The author emphasises the relation between content and form in the film The Lonely Voice of Man by Alexander Sokurov, and makes a point to place the film within an interpretation space which takes into account basic anthropological categories, such as those of space, time and the human (the protagonist). The artistic devices applied in the film lead to a degradation of the image, while the symbolism present in this debut work refers to the theme of the journey of the soul. All these elements allow us to see in The Lonely Voice of Man certain aspects shared with the Orthodox icon. In this context, the story of the main character can be perceived as the way of a yurodivy (“fool-for-Christ”), who has to refrain from temptations and practice asceticism in order to attain spiritual perfection and reach the sacred.
PL
W artykule szczególną uwagę zwrócono na ukazanie związku między treścią i formą filmu Samotny głos człowieka w reżyserii Aleksandra Sokurowa oraz na umieszczenie go na płaszczyźnie interpretacyjnej uwzględniającej podstawowe kategorie antropologiczne, takie jak: przestrzeń, czas i człowiek (bohater). Stosowane w filmie środki wyrazu powodują, że obraz ulega degradacji. Symbolika obecna w filmie nawiązuje do motywu wędrówki dusz. Wszystkie elementy stanowią podstawę do tego, by odnaleźć w debiucie Sokurowa cechy nawiązujące do prawosławnej ikony. W tym kontekście historia głównego bohatera jawi się jako droga jurodiwego, który musi pokonywać pokusy i zachowywać ascezę, by osiągnąć duchową doskonałość i dotrzeć do sacrum.
EN
Attempting to approach the sacred through film as exemplified by the analysis and interpretation of the way of a yurodivy in The Lonely Voice of Man by Alexander SokurovThe author emphasises the relation between content and form in the film The Lonely Voice of Man by Alexander Sokurov, and makes a point to place the film within an interpretation space which takes into account basic anthropological categories, such as those of space, time and the human (the protagonist). The artistic devices applied in the film lead to a degradation of the image, while the symbolism present in this debut work refers to the theme of the journey of the soul. All these elements allow us to see in The Lonely Voice of Man certain aspects shared with the Orthodox icon. In this context, the story of the main character can be perceived as the way of a yurodivy (“fool-for-Christ”), who has to refrain from temptations and practice asceticism in order to attain spiritual perfection and reach the sacred.  Próba zbliżenia się do sacrum poprzez kino na przykładzie analizy i interpretacji drogi jurodiwego w filmie Aleksandra Sokurowa Samotny głos człowiekaW artykule szczególną uwagę zwrócono na ukazanie związku między treścią i formą filmu Samotny głos człowieka w reżyserii Aleksandra Sokurowa oraz na umieszczenie go na płaszczyźnie interpretacyjnej uwzględniającej podstawowe kategorie antropologiczne, takie jak: przestrzeń, czas i człowiek (bohater). Stosowane w filmie środki wyrazu powodują, że obraz ulega degradacji. Symbolika obecna w filmie nawiązuje do motywu wędrówki dusz. Wszystkie elementy stanowią podstawę do tego, by odnaleźć w debiucie Sokurowa cechy nawiązujące do prawosławnej ikony. W tym kontekście historia głównego bohatera jawi się jako droga jurodiwego, który musi pokonywać pokusy i zachowywać ascezę, by osiągnąć duchową doskonałość i dotrzeć do sacrum.
XX
The scientific interests of Piotr Kowalski, a literary scholar, folklorist, and cultural researcher, include the phenomena and specific events that impose on the researcher the status of an "unintended" or at least "non-specific" recipient. The multi-layered, erudite treatise Prośba do Pana Boga. Rzecz o gestach wotywnych (A Plea to God: Topics in Votive Gestures) originates from a discreet observation by the scholar of a specific ritual, where the faithful write in the book laid out by the altar of Our Lady of Opole their pleas and intentions of a private, often intimate nature. An attempt made by the author to outline the origin of this phenomenon, its cultural functions, and historical and contemporary contexts, illustrates a certain type of scientific reasoning, whose logic leads from observation of "strangeness" or "marginality" of the analysed event or behaviour (along with the accompanying texts) to its placement in the mainstream of culture. This is done by disclosing certain, usually secret, patterns and behaviours related to universal human needs, used in single communication acts. Consequently, cognitive distance accompanying all scientific activities, including the field of cultural studies, may become significantly reduced as a result of the use of explanatory procedures and location of the examined phenomena on the timeline, but it is never completely eliminated. Kowalski repeatedly emphasises that a scientist always exists "next to" the subject of research, often in the role of an "unintended recipient". It seems important that this distance is closely connected with a typically humanistic interest in the rich and diverse human world of meanings and values, in which nothing is obvious.
PL
An analysis of the experiences, insights and proclamations by mystics and prophets from various epochs unveils the characteristics of individuals exposed to long experiences and holistic (or integral) cognition. A mystic transformation affects the mode of speaking and communicating with the world. Language with its stereotypical phrases and connotations certainly limits human cognition. However, in the process of their transpersonal experience, mystics go beyond this barrier and overcome cognitive limitations including the flaws of human language. In order to present an altogether “different” space of reality shared by mystics, and to share their proclamations and teaching with a large audience, mystics apply very specific linguistic tools like the metaphor, allegory, antithesis, paradox, analogy, symbol, quotations from the Bible, hyperbole, parallelism, chiasm and, last but not least, parable. An act of viewing the prophecy and epiphany-related language reflecting the authors’ synoptic (mystic) awareness “from the inside” makes it possible to identify archetypal criteria of the mystic experience and to establish the correct meaning of the key expressions (the sacred) and sacral acts of speech.
EN
The subject of the present paper are the lyrics of the songs sung by Catholic youth from Zaolzie or, more precisely, the emerging image of the sacred (God, Jesus, Mary and man's attitude towards the sacred), which is presented to young people in borderland areas. The research method used to analyse the collected material is based on the methodology of the linguistic picture of the world. The image of the sacred in Polish and Czech songs in Zaolzie contains the generally known image of God, Jesus and Mary. God is above all good, almighty, eliminates sins, is infinite, is a father and guardian for man, and man should love him as the Creator. Similarly, Jesus is merciful and through him leads the way to God and salvation. Mary, on the other hand, is worshipped primarily as the Mother of Jesus and Mother of us, people. This generally known image of the sacred is repeated and consolidated thanks to the songs. Polish and Czech texts do not differ significantly from each other in the general presentation of the sacred and its image, but we can notice some differences, such as references to Mary as the Queen of Poland, and the generally stronger picture of Mary in Polish texts.
PL
Tematem niniejszych rozważań stały się teksty utworów śpiewanych przez katolicką młodzież zaolziańską, a ściślej wyłaniający się z nich obraz sacrum (ściślej Boga, Jezusa, Maryi i postawy człowieka wobec świętości), jaki przedstawia się on młodemu człowiekowi terenów granicznych. Metoda badawcza wykorzystana do analiz zgromadzonego materiału opiera się na założeniach językowego obrazu świata. Obraz sacrum w polskich i czeskich utworach śpiewanych przez młodzież na Zaolziu zawiera ogólnie znany obraz Boga, Jezusa, Maryi. Bóg jest przed wszystkim dobry, wszechmogący, zgładza grzech, jest nieskończony, jest dla człowieka ojcem, opiekunem, a człowiek winien go wielbić jako stwórcę. Podobnie Jezus jest miłosierny i to poprzez niego prowadzi droga do Boga i zbawienia. Natomiast Maryja jest wielbiona przede wszystkim jako Matka Jezusa i Matka nas, ludzi. Ten ogólnie znany obraz sacrum dzięki pieśniom jest powtarzany i utrwalany. Teksty polskie i czeskie są do siebie zasadniczo podobne w ogólnym przedstawianiu sacrum, jego obrazie, jednak możemy zauważyć pewne różnice kulturowe, np. odwołania do Maryi jako Królowej Polski i ogólnie mocniej zarysowany obraz Maryi w polskich tekstach.
EN
The use of plants with psychoactive properties by ancient communities has been confirmed in numerous archaeological studies conducted in almost every place on earth. Many tribes used their own characteristic psychoactive potions and, according to researchers, their use fostered the integration of the members of a given community, facilitated their existence in an occupied area and could be of significant importance for its survival. Around the psychoactive plants and toxic secretions of some species of fauna a conglomerate of myths, cults and the properties attributed to them has developed. Permanent traces of their presence remain in both non-material and material culture. The aim of this article is to present the representations of psychoactive substances in the beliefs of ancient communities, their occurrence in myths, rock or sepulchral art, and to discuss the reasons for their use during rituals. The article presents also the main causes of the diffusion of the use of psychoactive plants from the sacred to the profane sphere.
PL
Używanie przez społeczności pierwotne roślin o psychoaktywnych właściwościach zostało potwierdzone w licznych badaniach archeologicznych prowadzonych w niemal każdym miejscu na ziemi. Wiele plemion korzystało z charakterystycznych dla siebie psychoaktywnych specyfików, a zdaniem badaczy ich używanie sprzyjało integracji członków społeczności, ułatwiało egzystencję na zajmowanym obszarze i mogło mieć istotne znaczenie dla jej przetrwania. Wokół psychoaktywnych roślin i toksycznych wydzielin niektórych przedstawicieli świata fauny wytworzył się konglomerat mitów, kultów i właściwości im przypisywanych. W kulturze niematerialnej i materialnej pozostały trwałe ślady ich obecności. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie reprezentacji środków psychoaktywnych w wierzeniach pradawnych społeczności, ich występowanie w mitach, w sztuce naskalnej i sepulkralnej, omówienie przyczyn ich używania w trakcie rytuałów. Przytoczono również hipotezy spekulatywne na temat wpływu psychoaktywnych roślin na kulturę starożytną, omówiono zasadnicze przyczyny dyfuzji używania roślin psychoaktywnych ze sfery sacrum do profanum.
EN
René Girard, the French-American literary critic and anthropologist, gives us the mimetic theory, which turns out to be an interesting tool for the interpretation of human relationships. It is based on the analysis of works of the world literature, including myths and the Bible. As a part of human nature mimesis leads to a conflict and at the same time it saves through a scapegoat. This is reflected in religious rituals, which are the first human institutions leading directly to a political institution – to the monarchy. The reality of the victim is firmly anchored in human culture, including the contemporary, despite the fact that it does not see this. This applies to all circles of civilization, including the West.  
PL
René Girard, the French-American literary critic and anthropologist, gives us the mimetic theory, which turns out to be an interesting tool for the interpretation of human relationships. It is based on the analysis of works of the world literature, including myths and the Bible. As a part of human nature mimesis leads to a conflict and at the same time it saves through a scapegoat. This is reflected in religious rituals, which are the first human institutions leading directly to a political institution – to the monarchy. The reality of the victim is firmly anchored in human culture, including the contemporary, despite the fact that it does not see this. This applies to all circles of civilization, including the West.
EN
This article discusses the works for solo piano and for piano and orchestra, in which reli- gious inspiration associated with Christianity was found. The fact that such “sacral” inspiration was pre-sent in piano music may be confirmed by many works of Ferenc Liszt and Olivier Messiaen, to name but a few evident examples. One can also add selected works of Frederic Chopin, not only Scherzo in B minor, op. 20, which includes a citation of the Polish carol “Lulajże, Jezu- niu (“Lullaby, Little Baby Jesus”), but also a number of motifs from other Polish church hymns found in Chopin’s music by Jan Węcowski. There are several categories of works with references to the sacred in the Polish piano music of the 20th and 21st century: works with religious inspiration suggested in their very title or in the musical material, and works with a widely understood religious context, but without any direct references to the sacred. Religious themes can be found in the works for piano and orchestra, for instance by Wojciech Kilar, Paweł Łukaszewski, Bogusław Madey, and Józef Świder. These themes appear in solo works for piano, e.g. by Mirosław Bukowski, Irena Garztecka, Leszek Mateusz Gorecki, Tomasz Kamieniak, Juliusz Łuciuk, Władysława Markiewi- czówna, Witold Rudziński, Marian Sawa, Sebastian Szymanski or Aleksander Tansman. The piano music with religious inspiration written in the 20th and 21st centuries has not yet been the subject of a comprehensive research. However, some authors did point to such motifs, for example Stanisław Będkowski, Bogumiła Mika, Violetta Przech, and Janina Tatarska. Still, they only men- tioned them while writing about other, non-religious issues related to Polish piano music.
PL
The scientifi c report describes the literary and cultural studies discussed at the conferences organized by the Ukrainian Studies Department at the University of Warsaw in 2018 and 2019. There are three themes distinguished here: research relating to the sacred, childhood and autobiography. The lectures cover the history of literature since the times of Kievan Rus’ through the 19th and 20th century up until the present day, as well as the issue of theories and connections between literary and cultural studies. The cultural studies lectures exhibit a great variety of topics stemming from the Ukrainian art in the 20th and 21st century as well as theatre, music, fi lm, etc.
PL
W artykule analizuję fenomenologiczne możliwości usankcjonowania objawienia religijnego poprzez doświadczenie sztuki. Na gruncie współczesnych badań fenomenologicznych najpierw przedstawiam kontekst rozważań nad religijnym wymiarem sztuki, a następnie analizuję główne problemy metodologiczne w podjętym obszarze badawczym. Stawiam również propozycję interdyscyplinarnego sposobu podejmowania zagadnienia sztuki i objawienia, umożliwiającego komplementarne ujęcie złożonego problemu badawczego na pograniczu estetyki, fenomenologii, filozofii religii i teologii.
EN
In the article I analyse the phenomenological possibilities of sanctioning a religious revelation through the experience of art. First, I present the context for reflections on the religious dimension of art on the grounds of contemporary phenomenological research. Next, I analyse the main methodological problems within the research area under consideration. I also propose an interdisciplinary approach to the issue of art and revelation, which allows for a complementary presentation of this complex research problem at the intersection of aesthetics, phenomenology, philosophy of religion and theology.
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2018
|
vol. 66
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issue 11: Anglica
149-164
EN
This study focuses on two prison poems: “The Prisoner of Chillon” by G.G. Byron and “The Ballad of Reading Gaol” by O. Wilde. It highlights the ordeal of the inmates with the emphasis on the change in their perception of the prison space. Based on M.-L. Ryan’s definition of story space, it is argued that the changing perception of space in the poems reflects the spiritual transformation the protagonists undergo. The experience of confinement leads, in the case of Byron’s protagonist, to the acceptance of prison life to the point of the dungeon becoming “a second home,” sacred to him as a site of his brothers’ burial. In Wilde’s poem incarceration has a transformative function, culminating in spiritual awakening and in the development of faith in Christ’s redemption. As a result of the change in both poems, prison becomes a space of prayer, turning thereby from the profane into the sacred.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest dwóm utworom o tematyce doświadczenia więziennego: „Więźniowi Czylonu” George’a Gordona Byrona i „Balladzie o więzieniu w Reading” Oskara Wilde’a. Wykorzystując pojęcie „przestrzeni fabuły” (story space) Marie-Laure Ryan, artykuł omawia utwory pod kątem ewolucji postrzegania więzienia, do jakiej dochodzi pod wpływem doświadczeń skazańców. Bohater Byrona, po wielu latach cierpień, zaczyna traktować loch jak swój drugi dom, uświęcony obecnością w nim grobów pochowanych tam braci. U Wilde’a także ma miejsce zmiana percepcji więzienia, będąca wynikiem duchowej przemiany, jaką przechodzą skazańcy. Cela—świat koszmaru, opresji więziennego życia—staje się miejscem modlitwy, umocnienia wiary. W obydwu utworach, można wnioskować, dochodzi do przemiany sfery profanum w sferę sacrum.
XX
The article employs Nietzsche’s concept of creativity as the main axis of human existence in order to provide a philosophically substantiated overview of the understanding of the position of the artist and the arts in a society construed upon the state of crisis of the Christian-moral idea of transcendence, as it was developed in the 1940’s discourse on the arts. The topic is gradually approached from three perspectives. The starting point is the notion of transcendence as an anthropological constant and the notion of the artistic form as its realization. Part 2 develops the idea of an aesthetic, ‘translatingʼ relationship to the world, and finds the source of transcendence precisely in the organic character of human existence. Part 3 then pursues the possibilities of a recovery of the complementarity between the profane and the sacred, which, eventually, brings about a rehabilitation of the profane and launches the dynamics of the ambivalent position of the artist in society.
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