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Reducing upholding effectiveness in the light of the draft of Book One of the Civil Code

100%

Skorupa P.

Studia Prawnicze

2010

issue 3-4(185-186)

93-146

The article discusses the concept of the so-called “reducing upholding enforcement” (validity) of juridical acts in the light of the draft of Book One of the new Polish civil code (published in 2008). In the article an analysis has been carried out of the most important theoretical and practical backgrounds. The main concern is about the scope of the judge’s power to reduce or even revise the term of the juridical act (contract) and its limit. The comparative context of reduction has also been presented. Reduction is one of the ways to avoid nullity of the juridical act, especially contract clause and is one form of partial invalidity. The main function of it is to protect parties from the disadvantageous and sometimes unexpected effects of invalidity, especially those effects for a party protected by the sanction of nullity (“weaker party”). Reducing the scope of the void term leads to the legal effects of a juridical act remaining in force to the extent allowed and valid in the realm of private law (for instance to cut out the part infringing mandatory rules). This paper includes also comparative remarks on the admissibility of such a reduction in chosen legal systems ius civile and common law tradition. Amongst ius civile systems the doctrine of reduction is widely accepted in German law (called Geltungserhaltende Reduktion). In the common law tradition, reduction is rather inadmissible as a principle. There is a restrictive approach for partial invalidity within the doctrine of severance in contract law. Even though the severability of the contract is only partly invalid, it is widely recognised that reducing invalid contractual terms is hard to accept because of the blue pencil rule and prohibition of such interventions in contractual matters. The article discusses exceptions which can be found in some countries (especially New Zealand or Québec law on illegal contracts). The fundamental problem arising in the area of reducing upholding effectiveness is connected with the fine line between reducing the scope of a void term as a part of the juridical act and revising the matter hidden behind the invalid part of the juridical act. In other words, with the limitations of the courts’ discretion in rewriting an invalid clause.

Nieważność czynności prawnej z perspektywy systemów prawnych common law

70%

Skorupa P.

Studia Prawnicze

2018

issue 4 (216)

7-88

The article describes the complex institution of invalidity of juridical acts in common law jurisdictions. As a part of the assessment of the latest tendencies regarding proportional and modern normative model of such nullity, special attention is paid to the statutory sanctions (structured discretion) proposed to establish the legal effects of illegal and immoral contracts. The impact of the sanctions on Polish law has been presented in the context of the reform of effects of illegality in some common law countries. These findings together with very valuable materials collected during the consultations process had also an impact on the shape of the sanction and its proportionality in the Common Frame of Reference. It was examined and analyzed that there is a need to move forward away from a naturalistic perception of invalidity in private law and to resign from the dogmas developed in the so-called the great codifications of the nineteenth century. The achievements of courts and juris prudence in common law clearly showed that laconic terminology in normative models of absolute sanctions in the ius civile legal systems had very negative impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of the law.

Artykuł opisuje złożoną problematykę nieważności czynności prawnej w jurysdykcjach common law. W ramach oceny najnowszych tendencji dotyczącej proporcjonalnego i nowoczesnego modelu normatywnego sankcji nieważności bezwzględnej szczególną uwagę zwraca się na ustawową sankcję sędziowską ( structured discretion ) zaproponowaną w związku z reformą instytucji illegality i immorality w prawie umów (i innych czynności prawnych). Wpływ propozycji sankcji sędziowskiej na prawo polskie został ukazany na tle prac nad reformą sankcji illegality w niektórych krajach common law. Prace te wraz z bardzo cennymi materiałami zgromadzonymi w trakcie konsultacji miały także wpływ na kształt sankcji i jej proporcjonalizacji podczas opracowywania Common Frame of Reference. Przeanalizowano m. in. konieczne do poczynienia postępu w tej dziedzinie odejście od naturalistycznego postrzegania sankcji nieważności bezwzględnej w prawie prywatnym i rezygnacji z dogmatów wypracowanych jeszcze w czasach tzw. wielkich kodyfikacji XIX w. Dorobek nauki prawa i judykatury common law pokazuje jednoznacznie, że lakoniczna terminologia w normatywnych modelach sankcji nieważności bezwzględnej w kręgu ius civile wywarła negatywny wpływ na skuteczność i efektywność prawa.

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2 Studia Prawnicze

2 Skorupa P.

1 2018

1 2010

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Reducing upholding effectiveness in the light of the draft of Book One of the Civil Code

Nieważność czynności prawnej z perspektywy systemów prawnych common law