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Temporal issues related to digital games go beyond the strictly literary or film studies character of the description and implies technological and marketing issues. It can be outlined by referring to the concept of Andrzej Stoff, who analyzed the spatial dimension of the world of the novel (“delineating space”, “creating”, “functionalizing”, “valorising”). Relating these four detailed issues – constituting the basic subject of description, analysis and interpretation – to temporal aspects, it is appropriate to talk about measuring (conventionalizing, relativizing) time, thematizing, functionalizing and valorizing it. Taking into account the above categories, the most typical concretizations of temporal phenomena can be further defined: functional (classic chronometry, clock, server time, time of a running process), gameplay (real time, relativization, quest time, respawn time), thematic concretizations (e.g. retrospection as a compositional dominant of multimodal narratives) and marketing concretizations (commercialization of time).
EN
This article examines the possible contribution of discourse analysis to the field of Bible translation. Drawing upon some developments in translation studies regarding discourse, this article proposes that attention to discourse considerations can help Bible translation move beyond the usual opposition of formal and dynamic equivalence.
EN
The paper examines the contexts of using the preposition “de” regarded as a thematic one. The methodological framework here is cognitive linguistics, which means that we will try to examine a cognitive context which influence the use of the preposition “de”. The starting point of our study is the notion that the preposition “de” is a marker of thematization; however, we would like to demonstrate that thematization is not only a textual or discursive phenomenon; it also depends on the prior knowledge of the speaker. Thus, for example, Merci de m’avoir aidé/ de ton aide and J’ai décidé de partir en vacances, the information introduced by the preposition “de” is thematic in the sense that it is posed and that it is about something which is said. But in, e.g., Il se mêle des affaires d’autrui, Il parle de politique and Je te conseille de te reposer (vs. Je te conseille le repos), the use of the preposition “de” – if it remains thematic – requires a redefinition of the topic including the prior knowledge of the speaker. The preposition de therefore serves as a marker of this knowledge.
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PL
W artykule przedstawiono obowiązujące do czasów obecnych doktryny konserwatorskie związane z ochroną dziedzictwa kulturowego (utrwalone po II wojnie światowej) zarówno w skali architektonicznej, jak i urbanistycznej. Dokonano wyboru charakterystycznych przykładów odbudowy z Polski i ze świata. Następnie przeprowadzono syntetyczną analizę porównawczą wybranych współczesnych przykładów odbudowy z doktrynami konserwatorskimi. Wydobyto te elementy działań realizacyjnych, które odstawały od przyjętych wcześniej zasad teoretycznych. Opisano przeanalizowane kierunki, realizacji odbudowy wskazanych zespołów historycznych. Przeprowadzono także analizę jakie czynniki i argumenty wpływają na działania, będące odstępstwem od doktryn konserwatorskich.
EN
The article presents conservation doctrines binding up to the present time, and connected with the protection of cultural heritage (recorded after World War II) both on an architectural and urban scale. Characteristic examples of reconstruction from Poland and the World were chosen. A synthetic comparative analysis of selected contemporary examples of reconstruction with these conservation doctrines was then carried out. Elements of implementation activities were extracted that departed from theoretical principles adopted earlier. The analyzed directions and implementation of the reconstruction of selected historical complexes were described. An analysis was also made of what factors and arguments affect activities that are a departure from conservation doctrines. To maintain the logic of these considerations, the article began with an objective presentation of the clear rules of dealing with the historical urban space, which were in force at the end of the 20th century, and which have not been officially changed until today. On this background, an analysis was carried out of the selected issues concerning Polish examples from Warsaw and Elbląg, as well as from the Asian continent from China and Iraqi Kurdistan. A today’s necessity is to open a multilateral scientific discourse aimed at formulating conclusions about further preferences in dealing with damaged buildings in the context of global trends.
EN
The goal of the study is to present memoir texts as an important and rich source for onomastic research. The analysis is focused on usage, predominantly on thematization of place names in texts referring to the Czech cities of Hradec Králové and Písek. There are examined the following topics: the city name and urban names forms and appearances in the texts, the relationship between standardized and non-standardized forms of urban names, and etymology and interpretation of the selected urban names in the memoir texts. Place names in the texts are used in different ways – except the fact they identify particular objects and create urban space, they evoke emotional recollections of authors’ childhoods; they are also examined as the formative part of social group identity.
EN
This text focuses on place names and their thematization in Czech opinion journalism in the mid-20th century. After describing general features of the thematization of proper names and the ways in which this process is accomplished – i.e. (re-)semantization through the use of collocations, onymic allusions, and symbolization –, the authors turn their attention to a qualitative textual analysis of political speeches. The collection consists of radio speeches given by exiled Czech politicians based in London and Moscow during the Second World War. The texts reflect a broad spectrum of Czech politicians, ranging from democrats (Edvard Beneš, Prokop Drtina, Jan Masaryk, Jaroslav Stránský, Jan Šrámek) to Communists and their sympathizers (Zdeněk Fierlinger, Klement Gottwald, Zdeněk Nejedlý).
CS
Studie se zabývá toponymy a jejich tematizací v české publicistice 20. století. Na pozadí obecných charakteristik tematizace proprií a způsobů její realizace, např. (re)sémantizace prostřednictvím kolokací, onymických aluzí a symbolizace, se zaměřuje na kvalitativní textovou analýzu politických projevů. Analyzovaný korpus textů zahrnuje rozhlasové projevy českých exilových politiků působících v době druhé světové války v Londýně a Moskvě. Texty odrážejí širokou škálu politického spektra, od demokratů (Edvard Beneš, Prokop Drtina, Jan Masaryk, Jaroslav Stránský, Jan Šrámek) ke komunistům a jejich sympatizantům (Zdeněk Fierlinger, Klement Gottwald, Zdeněk Nejedlý).
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