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EN
Europeanization is not a new term, but only throughout the recent two decades it has turned into a notion very frequently used in social science. It seems there are two reasons for its success: (1) the intensification of European integration in the late 1980's and (2) the development of the conceptual studies on Europeanization. Numerous theoretical approaches elaborated under the term have stimulated its popularity, yet they have also raised a critical question on the empirical usefulness of the broadly and vaguely defined concept. In the article the concept of Europeanization is taken under scrutiny. Recently developed multiple attitudes to Europeanization are critically discussed and presented with reference to the broader body of the literature on European integration. The considerations end with a short revision of possible empirical usages of the popular term in Polish context. This aim has been triggered by a shortage of references to the widely discussed concept in Polish literature. Polish debate on repercussions of the membership in the European Union may be significantly enriched by a thoughtful reference to the popular, even though controversial concept. Being aware of its shortcomings we can make a better use of its advantages.
EN
Over the past four decades of research on school bullying have produced an extensive body of knowledge about the nature of this phenomenon, its determinants and consequences. Bullying has been examined and explained in individual as well as in contextual terms, and from a wide range of different theories and research methods. In the literature, it can be found some attempts to sort out scientific approaches to bullying.In this article, which should be treated as review-style essay, I will present two complementary approaches to analyzing school bullying, namely (1) person-oriented analytical approach which focuses on analyzing of individual traits and characteristics of children involved in school bullying, and (2) processual analytical approach that emphasizes the processes involved. These approaches were distinguished based on the review of Polish and foreign literature on school bullying.
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