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EN
In democratic legal systems there is a wide variety of instruments which profoundly affect the composition of future parliaments. They can cause significant changes in final results of both the parliamentary and municipal election. Due to them political parties can improve their position in emerging legislatures (gmina councils, poviat councils or sejmiks of the voivodeship), or even, I mean smaller formations in the first place, can guarantee any representatives in the chamber (council, sejmik). Politicians make use of these instruments most frequently in the face of the oncoming election. These mechanisms allow, on the grounds of binding law, to cause a result much worse than expected for the opposition or formations competing for power. In countries with deeply rooted democracy, it is most often a good political habit that makes any changes in the Electoral law take place long from the election. In our political reality, however, it is a rule that the election campaign is accompanied by auctions on legal grounds. Namely, changes in the borders of election districts take place, vote calculation methods are modernised so that they would be naturally beneficial for those who carry out such normative transformations.
EN
The contents of this study is a reflection of an idea of the law identity from a perspective of issues in the ontology of law and its legitimization. The author underlines difficulties that are of epistemological and methodological nature in relation to a possibility of recognition and exhaustive determination of the idea. The author also indicates to a crisis of social assessment of law and by the same token its value . A change in this assessment is viewed as an increase in its broadly understood quality.
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Z refleksji nad krytyką prawa

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EN
In the article the Author analyses an interaction between critics of law and the critics of theory of law. He studies a problem of the style of law theory and the influence of culture on that style. The Author proposes research the types of legal polemics. He claims, that the role of specific and abstract polemics in critics of law is significant and until now not sufficiently investigated.
PL
W artykule autor zajmuje się związkiem krytyki prawa i krytyki teorii prawa. Analizuje problem stylu teorii prawa i wpływu kultury na ten styl. Proponuje poddać badaniu typy polemik prawnych. Twierdzi, że rola polemik konkretnych i abstrakcyjnych w krytyce prawa jest duża i dotąd niedostatecznie zbadana.
EN
The paper is an English translation of Rozważania wstępne do nauki o moralności i prawie by Czesław Znamierowski published originally in Polish by PWN Publishing House in 1966. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
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The paper is an English translation of Z zagadnień definicji prawa administracyjnego by Marian Zimmermann published originally in Polish in “Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis” in 1964. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
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The paper is an English translation of O pojęciu organu państwowego by Karol Marian Pospieszalski, published originally in “Ruch Prawniczy Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1972. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
EN
The paper is an English translation of “Lex” a “ius” w okresie przemian by Zygmunt Ziembiński published originally in Polish in “Państwo i prawo” in 1991. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achieve-ments of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
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The paper is an English translation of Parę uwag wokół teorii finansów by Jan Zdzitowiecki published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1972. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
EN
The article describes Piotr Ruczkowski’s book treating the problem of the internal administrative law. Basic topics of this book is question of the way of creating internal administrative law’s sources, subjective and objective sides of internal law acts and their relations to the constitutional determining rights.
EN
The aim of the study is to formulate a preliminary defnition of the validity of norms using idealization method for this purpose. The author proposes a preliminary definition of the validity of norms and compares it with the conception of such a definition put forward by Leszek Nowak in Interpretacja prawnicza. Studium z metodologii prawoznawstwa.
EN
The problems associated with the use of general clauses on the reconstruction of the normative basis for decisions applying the law is a question often research undertaken by the doctrine. Past publications do not cover the complex issues of reconstruction base content of general clauses based on specific non-legal reference. This article is an attempt to present the above mentioned issues with regard to the principle of social coexistence. Word recall what they are introducing general clauses, how they should be interpreted and determine their content. Problem arising directly from the introduction of a discussion of the expression of the general clause in the system of laws, which directly affects the content of this reference, and how to interpret it. Key considerations article are issues related to the operation of general clauses in the law of the public and private sectors. In support of each of the thesis I present examples of judicial decisions.
PL
Problematyka związana ze stosowaniem klauzul generalnych przy rekonstrukcji normatywnej podstawy decyzji stosowania prawa jest zagadnieniem badawczym podejmowanym często przez doktrynę. Dotychczasowe publikacje nie omawiają kompleksowo tematyki podstawy rekonstrukcji treści klauzul generalnych w oparciu o konkretne odesłanie pozaprawne. Opracowanie jest próbą przedstawienia powyżej wymienionych zagadnień z uwzględnieniem zasady współżycia społecznego. Słowem wprowadzenia przypominam, czym są klauzule generalne, jak należy je interpretować oraz ustalać ich treść. Zagadnieniem wynikającym bezpośrednio z wprowadzenia jest omówienie sposobu wyrażenia klauzuli generalnej w systemie przepisów prawa, co wpływa bezpośrednio na treść tego odesłania i sposób jego interpretacji. Kluczowymi rozważaniami artykułu są zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem klauzul generalnych w prawie publicznym i prywatnym. Na poparcie każdej tezy przedstawiam przykłady z orzecznictwa sądowego.
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EN
Establishing good law has been an old dream of humanity. Back in ancient times leaders such as Hammurabi, Solon, and especially Justinian the Great, and many others, while attempting to codify and reform the law, were driven by the ideal of “good law”. ! is same idea inspired Montesquieu in his De l’esprit des lois (“! e Spirit of the Laws”). Monumental legal acts in Napoleon’s times or the time of German unifi cation, as well as copying these acts into the legal systems of the countries of the Far East, for example, Japan, serve as additional examples on how tempted leaders have been able to implement the idea of “good law”, which, quite frequently, is directly stated in the preamble to leading legal acts.
EN
The article analyses the approach to the study of the sphere of language between theory of law and the philosophy of language. The aim of the paper is to study the range of applicability of philosophical and linguistic conceptions in theory of law. Law theory reflects certain movements and controversies that have been significant in linguistic sciences. The analyses, which, so far, have been conducted in theory of law, concentrated mainly on the use of the results of such achievements made by the representatives of the philosophy of language and linguistics as formal languages theories, transformational-generative theories, structuralism, formalism, pragmalinguistics. In this article, it is claimed that contemporary changes in the humanities justify the expansion of the range of jurisprudence integration to some other approaches, different from formalistic and pragmatic ones.
EN
The justifiability of the institution of the hearing in administrative proceedings may raise some doubts. The paper explores how this element of proceedings operates from the angle of speedy proceedings, the principle of objective truth as well as purposes which the administrative proceedings as such serve. The author puts forward a thesis that the hearing is not a necessary element of administrative proceedings; moreover, it could be excluded therefrom without affecting the proceedings in a negative manner. In fact, this could even contribute to the fulfilment of the principle of speedy proceedings, as well as depoliticize some proceedings or at least reduce the media interest in them. The paper presents a review of relevant case-law regarding hearings in administrative proceedings. Also, arguments for and against maintaining the hearing have been analyzed. The arguments against it include the need for speedy proceedings, limited credibility of witness evidence or general limited justifiability of holding hearings. In turn, arguments for the institution in question encompass especially the opportunity to collect evidence at the same time and at the same place, as well as the possibility to conduct confrontation. The discussion part of the paper includes de lege ferenda conclusions concerning the possibility to eliminate the hearing from administrative proceedings. This reflects the fundamental thesis of the paper as well as the doubts arising from case-law and practice of decision-making bodies as to whether keeping the institution of the hearing is justifiable.
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O normie parametrycznej

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EN
The article deals with parametric norms, as a certain type of norm, so far not in the interest of the theory of law. The current achievements of Polish law theories and individual branches of Polish dogmatics are presented and possible areas where these norms can be found have been identified. They include normalisation standards, environmental law standards and financial law standards, all of them referred to as norms. Further, a division into legal parametric norms and non-normative parametric norms is made and the relation of a set of norms to a set of parametric norms as well as the possible impact of parametric norms on the flexibility of law are analysed.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł traktuje o normach parametrycznych jako pewnym typie norm dotychczas nie będącym w kręgu zainteresowań teorii prawa. Autor przedstawia dotychczasowy dorobek polskiej teorii prawa oraz poszczególnych gałęzi polskiej dogmatyki, a także wskazuje możliwe obszary, gdzie owe normy można odnaleźć (jak np.: normy z zakresu normalizacji, normy prawa ochrony środowiska, normy prawa finansowego). Wprowadza podział na prawne normy parametryczne oraz pozaprawne normy parametryczne, następnie analizuje relację zbioru norm prawnych do zbioru norm parametrycznych – a także analizuje możliwy wpływ norm parametrycznych na elastyczność prawa.
EN
In the article the author examines the concept of actions similar to legal actions in civil law proposed by Krzysztof Mularski. These are actions which are based on declaration of intent, but they are not legal actions in strict sense (e.g. forgiveness, consent to medical treatment etc.) Closer analysis shows that forgiveness can be interpreted in two ways: as a performative or as a sign of feelings. When one is willing to accept performative nature of forgiveness, a question may be asked if there are performatives in law, which are not defined in statutory law. The author argues that settling a quarrel involving a point of honor could be such a performative. Although traditional performative ways of settling quarrels (e.g. duels) are no longer approved by law, there are new institutions (colleague arbitration, mediation) which may result in shaping rights and duties in civil law. In conclusion the author shows that the concept proposed by K. Mularski has great potential, and could be used as a tool for integration of theory of Polish civil law with general theory of law and philosophy of language. This is a rare situation when cooperation between dogmatic discipline of law and theory is fruitful for both sides and genuinely fulfils the postulate of interdisciplinarity in jurisprudence.
EN
Lawyers who deal with applying law in practice very often are not aware of many hidden suppositions, which justify the existence of law and make it reasonable. It is obvious that in discovering them philosophy can be helpful. The main part of this article is the analysis of the thought of two European philosophers: S. Kierkegaard and B. Spinoza. The important field of their interest was a philosophy of human existence. Its significant element is liberty. The attitude to it creates their visions of being.Kierkegaard is well known as the author of „three periods of human life (esthetical, ethical and religious)” concept. In his opinion the necessary element of any progress in existence is taking the plunge and changing the way of life. It is possible by dint of liberty. A totally different vision can be found in Spinosa’a „Ethics more geo-metrico”. The author wants to convince us that the potentiality of making decisions is only an illusion.The possible consequences of the acceptance of such a vision were shown very briefly; the goal of the paper is also to demonstrate that since the beginning of our civilisation we have had to assume a concept similar to Kierkegaardian’s.
EN
The article presents the legal nature and place of sports law within the structure of international law. It reflects on the types of sources of law, the objective and subjective (institutional) scope of sports law at the international level, as well as raises the question of the need to systematise the terminology as far as concepts such as international sports order and international system of sports are concerned. The author attempts to approximate the definition of lex sportiva and presents selected comments and observations on this notion’s classification as falling under the headings of – accordingly – international, transnational, global and transnational law. In thefinal section he argues that the best description of lex sportiva would be the one in terms of global administrative law. He also points to its innovative features, which could constitute a potentially attractive model lex ferenda for other future regimes within the new global law.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje tematykę charakteru prawnego i miejsca prawa sportowego w strukturze prawa międzynarodowego. Obejmuje rozważania nad typami źródeł prawa, zakresem przedmiotowym i podmiotowym (instytucjonalnym) prawa sportowego na poziomie międzynarodowym, porusza kwestię konieczności usystematyzowania terminologii w zakresie takich pojęć, jak ‘międzynarodowy porządek’ i ‘system sportowy’. Autor podejmuje próbę przybliżenia definicji terminu lex sportiva, a także prezentuje wybrane uwagi i obserwacje na temat jego klasyfikacji jako, odpowiednio, prawa międzynarodowego, transnarodowego, globalnego i ponadnarodowego. W końcowej części argumentuje za opisem lex sportiva w kategoriach globalnego prawa administracyjnego i wskazuje na jego innowacyjne cechy, mogące stanowić potencjalnie atrakcyjną modelową propozycję lex ferenda nowego prawa globalnego.
PL
This paper presents theoretical considerations about understanding the law as a social fact. Paper refers to philosophical problems about social reception of the entire law system. Proposed concept of law as a social fact is based on the J. Searle philosophy abd chosen concepts of the philosophy of law. Paper also refers to other social studies, mainly psychology.
PL
Autor podjął próbę refleksji nad występowaniem paradygmatu racjonalnego prawodawcy w teorii i praktyce stosowania prawa we współczesnej Polsce. Wskazując na endemiczny charakter problemu badawczego w polskim prawoznawstwie, dążył on do skonfrontowania stanowiska doktryny z orzecznictwem sądowym ostatnich lat oraz praktyką legislacyjną Sejmu VIII kadencji. Wszechstronne ujęcie zagadnienia motywowane było chęcią sformułowania hipotez i wniosków mogących inspirować kolejnych eksploratorów podjętej problematyki. Podsumowując wyniki przeprowadzonych badań, autor przedstawił swoje krytyczne stanowisko, uznając, że koncepcja racjonalnego prawodawcy budzi istotne wątpliwości i uzasadnione zastrzeżenia, co powoduje, że wymaga ona reinterpretacji.
EN
The author of the publication reflected on the existence of the rational legislator’s paradigm in the theory and practice of applying law in contemporary Poland. Noting the endemic nature of the research problem in Polish jurisprudence, the author tried to confront the position of the doctrine with the judicial decisions of recent years and the legislative practice of the Sejm of the 8th term. The comprehensive approach to the issue was motivated by striving to formulate hypotheses and conclusions that could inspire subsequent explorers of the issues raised. Summing up the results of the conducted research, the author presented his critical position, recognising that the concept of a rational legislator raises serious doubts and justified objections, which means that it requires reinterpretation.
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