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Symbolic Poetry, Inspired Myths and Salvific Function of Allegoresis in Proclus’ Commentary on the Republic

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Domaradzki M.
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 1
119-138
EN
The present article is concerned with Proclus’ highly original and profoundly influential account of the symbolic function of poetry, the pedagogic as well as the hieratic value of myths and the soteriological power of allegorical interpretation. Thus, the paper begins with a brief discussion of Plato’s dismissal of poetry as μέγιστον ψεῦδος. Subsequently, Proclus’ theory of three kinds of poetry is examined, upon which attention is paid to his revolutionary idea that σύμβολα rather than μιμήματα are the tools of the highest kind of poetry. Then, Proclus’ views on the difference between Plato’s and Homer’s μυθοποιΐα are considered. While the article concludes with an analysis of Proclus’ conviction about the functional similarity of symbols in myths and those in magic rites, allegoresis is shown to have the same salvational role that Proclus ascribes to theurgy.
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Umění a religiozita v esteticko-filozofickém systému Dmitrije Sergejeviče Merežkovského

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Vorel J.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2015
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issue 8
EN
The study is aimed on traces of religiosity in aesthetic-philosophical system of a Russian symbolistic poet,  prosaic  writer  and  thinker  D.S.  Merezhkovsky.  The  study  analyses  selected Merezhkovsky’s works with focus on aesthetics, his essays, historiosophic prose and philosophic religious treatises. For Russian spiritual and art culture, importance of Merezhovsky is obvious, especially in connection with his effort to overcome crisis processes in religious, philosophical and art sphere, realized by means of synthesis and transcendence in modern culture.
CS
The study is aimed on traces of religiosity in aesthetic-philosophical system of a Russian symbolistic poet,  prosaic  writer  and  thinker  D.S. Merezhkovsky.  The  study  analyses  selected Merezhkovsky’s works with focus on aesthetics, his essays, historiosophic prose and philosophic religious treatises. For Russian spiritual and art culture, importance of Merezhovsky is obvious, especially in connection with his effort to overcome crisis processes in religious, philosophical and art sphere, realized by means of synthesis and transcendence in modern culture.
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The Understanding of Symbols and Their Role in the Ascent of the Soul to God in Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite and Nicholas of Cusa

80%
Stępień T.
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 2
85-103
PL
Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problem zmian w postrzeganiu symbolu jako istotnego czynnika życia duchowego w łonie filozofii neoplatońskiej. Wydaje się, że to starożytni neoplatonicy pogańscy pierwsi zdali sobie sprawę z tego, jak wielką rolę posiada symbol we wznoszeniu się duszy ku Bogu. Włączyli oni do rozumienia filozofii jako drogi do zjednoczenia z Jednym zaczerpniętą z Wyroczni Chaldejskich i Pism hermetycznych naukę o obrzędach teurgicznych, podczas których używano świętych symboli. Pierwsza część tego artykułu podejmuje próbę ukazania spotkania filozofii z tak pojętym rozumieniem symbolu. Szczególnie ważne dla rozumienia późniejszego pojmowania symboli przez Mikołaja z Kuzy miały używane w najwyższej części rytów teurgicznych symbole matematyczne. Druga część artykułu ukazuje w jaki sposób Pseudo-Dionizy Areopagita przekształca naukę swoich pogańskich poprzedników. Najbardziej istotnym elementem nauki Dionizego jest swego rodzaju wyłączenie symboli z porządku kosmicznego i umieszczenie ich w porządku zbawczym, który gruntuje się na Objawieniu. Prawdziwe symbole dla Pseudo-Dionizego to znaki sakramentalne obecne w liturgii Kościoła. Taka transformacja rozumienia symbolu sprawiła, że symbole matematyczne utraciły swoje wcześniejsze znaczenie. Powyższe analizy umożliwiły ukazanie w ostatniej części niniejszego artykułu kolejnej transformacji rozumienia symbolu, która miała miejsce w filozofii Mikołaja z Kuzy. Piętnastowieczne odrodzenie neoplatonizmu i pitagoreizmu spowodowało powrót do mistycznego traktowania symboli matematycznych, ale jednocześnie zostały one odarte ze rytualnego kontekstu obecnego w starożytnych tekstach.
EN
This article considers the issue of changes in the understanding of symbols as an integral part of spiritual life in Neoplatonic philosophy. It seems that ancient Neoplatonic philosophers were the first who clearly realized the importance of symbols to spiritual life. However, it happened due to the influence of the mystical Chaldean and Egyptian thought transferred to philosophical investigation by the Chaldean oracles and Corpus hermeticum. The late Neoplatonic thought of Iamblichus and Eastern Neoplatonic schools used symbols and rituals as integral parts of philosophical investigation, understood as having a mystical goal. Especially mathematical symbols played a significant role, because they were used in the most advanced theurgical rituals. This analysis of the pagan Neoplatonic philosophy permits us to show properly the thought of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, who creatively transformed the teaching of his pagan predecessors, by incorporating ancient Neoplatonic tradition into Christian theology. Pseudo-Dionysius excludes liturgical symbols from the order of the cosmos and transfers them to the plane of Salvation grounded in Biblical Revelation. Only true symbols are used in the liturgy of the Church, and thus mathematical symbols are no longer needed in the ascent of the soul to unity with God. The third part analyzes the meaning of symbolism in the thought of Nicolas of Cusa. Thanks to the rediscovery of ancient pagan Neoplatonism and Pythagorean thought, Cusanus also brings new life to the mystical meaning of mathematics. Mathematical symbols once again become an important part of the mystical ascent of the soul, but this time without their ritual context.
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