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EN
This paper aims to describe the legislation of the social housing system in Slovakia and to analyse innovations in social housing provision. The paper contributes to the literature on innovative social housing solutions provided by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), or so-called third sector. The analysis reveals the main factors that may contribute to the success or failure of social innovations in housing provision by NGOs. Long-term community work, the education of future residents, and the participation of future residents in the construction of their homes are the main factors that support the spread of innovations in social housing. On the other hand, lack of cooperation from the government at all levels and low funding are the biggest constraining factors on innovation in social housing in Slovakia.
EN
The article concerns the causes, principles and forms of financial cooperation between local government bodies and non-governmental organizations in accordance with the Law on Public Benefi t Activity and Volunteerism. Particular emphasis is placed on presenting financial dependence of NGOs on local governments and the impact of this relationship for both parties. The author posed the thesis that NGOs have become “an extension” of local government units in the implementation of public tasks. In this paper, this research thesis is proved by showing financial relations of different types of local government units in relation to NGOs. The author presents different modes of agreements between the parties and their financial forms: entrusting or support. The paper also discusses the contribution of own means of NGOs in the implementation of public tasks, as an important element of cooperation. It shows the validity and popularity of the various sources of income of non-governmental organizations.
EN
The aim of this article is to present and discuss the perspectives of social entrepreneurship conveyed by third sector organizations in Portugal in the context of the main international theoretical approaches. As part of a research project on social entrepreneurship in Portugal, the article analyses the content of 20 semi-structured interviews with key actors within the Portuguese third sector. It is assumed that the roles these actors play are a clear indicator of the importance their views can hold in defining the social entrepreneurship field in Portugal. This analysis enables us to conclude that heterogeneous views and blurred defined boundaries frame the debate on social entrepreneurship’s processes and definitions, with some actors even rejecting it in favour of other concepts such as “social economy” or “solidarity economy”. Nevertheless, the central issues that arose are associated with the individual qualities of the entrepreneur, as well as the sustainability of the initiatives.
EN
The text is a reflection on emergence of the social model for provision of public services in Poland and, in particular, on the state of our current knowledge of this process. The paper consists of two parts. The first presents, in a developmental approach, the main components of this model, i.e. co-planning, co-production, co-governance and co-management. The second part contains a brief description of the state of affairs with regard to each of the components, in the light of recent research. As it turns out, co-planning and co-production remain largely unrecognised phenomena in Poland, whereas the knowledge of co-governance and co-management is remarkably greater, thanks to research on the socalled intersector cooperation, i.e., the cooperation between public administration and the third sector. The research indicates that the state of current cooperation is characterised by a strong asymmetry.
PL
Apart from the public (first) and business (second) sectors, the third sector is one of the pillars constituting the modern democratic society. All the social interests are concentrated within the third sector and they are being implemented by the numerous non-governmental organizations cooperating with the state as well as business world. The birth of the third sector in Russia can be associated with the beginning of Mikhail Gorbachev reforms called the perestroika. The mental changes that the Russian society underwent influenced by the policy of glasnost led to the origin of public involvement into the social and political life, taking upon the role of the often ineffective state. The degree to which the citizens were involved in the activity of the NGOs was first of all associated with their quality of life and it depended on the attitude of the decision-makers towards the idea of social organizations. The time of Boris Yeltsin presidency was characterized by two phenomena: a drop in the standard of living accompanied by the intensification of criminalization within the public life and the positive attitude towards the introduction of the third sector. After the new president assumed the post, the approach of the new authority changed in a negative way and the politics implemented led to gaining full control over public associations. The so-called liberalization of the law in respect to the third sector was only a display of Kremlin’s political will and did not signify serious treatment of the principles of the democratic and civic society. The third sector, one of the pillars supporting the civil society is at present in the state of consolidation, dealing with numerous amendments of legal norms. After the period of mimicking western solutions, the Russian NGOs became a power that must be taken into account by the Russian decision-makers.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14762
EN
The democratic transformation in Poland, the beginning of which dates back to the 1980s, brought political and economic freedom that additionally inspired the activity of civil movements taking the form of non-governmental organizations. Since the early 1990s, Polish society has become clearly divided, which was illustrated by the emergence of three distinct areas of public activity. The Law of March 8, 1990 on Territorial Self-Government began the rapid development of local governments, which were given the task of handling local public matters. The Law on Business Operations, which was in force at the time, ensured freedom of operations and the principle of quality of all participants of business life. Other laws, the Law on Foundations of April 6, 1984 and the Law on Associations of April 7, 1989 restored the possibility of civil self-organization, working for one’s own circle and fulfilling social needs. Throughout the whole period of political transformation, and in particular in the decade after Poland’s accession to the European Union, NGOs have become one of the most active actors of public life, and a capable partner to local and regional authorities in designing policies. One significant element of politics involves ensuring the security of citizens. Social security is of particular importance. NGOs initiate a number of projects aiming to fulfill the basic needs of residents, thereby ensuring their personal development and confidence. Cooperation with territorial self-government isof exceptional importance here.
EN
To get high efficiency of the activities in the area of health promotion the involvement of many sectors, including citizens, state institutions and third sector orga-nizations, which may have an impact on maintaining and improving the overall health of society, seems appropriate. A key point is the potential involvement of social economy entities, which by acting locally contribute to the growth of social welfare. This translates not only into the efficiency of the management, but also to improve health. The activities of non- -governmental organizations should be recognized as one of the pillars of civil society and an important element of social capital. The study prepared on the basis of nation-wide research identified the playing field of social economy entities in the area of health promotion and the ways of their achievement. Nationwide study was conducted in a randomly selected group of 305 representatives of the social economy entities, declaring to take action for the protection and promotion of health.
EN
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), being important actors of social policy, constitute an essential link within local systems of welfare/care. This article presents the results and conclusions of a qualitative research carried out in six purposefully selected counties from the perspective of the diagnosis and analysis of the functioning of non-governmental organizations as part of the welfare system in Poland. They concern mainly the perception of welfare by representatives of the third sector, as well as different forms of its realization, the reasons and characteristics of the NGOs activities, the resources and expenditures related to the organization of their activities, inter-institutional cooperation and the overall assessment of these entities as a part of the local system of welfare.
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INFRASTRUKTURA INSTYTUCJONALNA EKONOMII SPOŁECZNEJ

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EN
The article focus on the process of creation of the network of institutions that can support the development of social economy in Poland. The activity of such system should play key role in the process of social and professional activation of disadvantaged peoples. The most important element of this institutional infrastructure have to play the Centers of Social Economy, that emerge recently numerously in Poland through the support of European Social Fund. The Author specify the key functions, that should fill those Centers in the development of social enterprises in Poland.
EN
The article’s aim is to analyse a theoretical concept of multi-sector economy of welfare as a new look at social policy (according to which the policy is not to be identified solely with the state and the public sector’s activity), with special attention paid to the possibilities to use the potential of the third sector to guarantee social welfare. The third sector plays an important role in the modern economy of welfare, as it is not only an entity which independently supports a society or an intermediary between the citizen and the state, but also a sector which closely works with the remaining entities of multi-sector economy, particularly with the state. The analysis of the elements and dimensions of the multi-sector economy of welfare, transformations of the welfare state, weak and strong points of non-governmental organisations shows how important the role of the third sector is and indicates that it is a vital element of modern multi-sectoral social policy.
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PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie krótkiego przeglądu istniejących definicji i specyficznych cech trzeciego sektora. Przedstawia też podstawowe funkcje organizacji pozarządowych jako ważnych podmiotów instytucjonalnych i organizacyjnych w globalnym krajobrazie polityczno-gospodarczym.
EN
This article aims to present a brief overview of existing definitions and specific characteristics of the third sector. It also highlights the basic functions of the NGOs as an important institutional and organizational actor in the global political–economic landscape.
EN
In times of the current climate and ecological crisis, actions to counteract the problems that generate it are extremely important. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze issues related to vegetarianism from an ecological perspective and to show that a plant-based diet, or one that restricts the consumption of meat and dairy products, is to some extent a salvation for the climate and the environment. This chapter has three main parts. The first deals with the most important issues related to vegetarianism, both in the context of diet and in the ethical dimension, such as the excessive exploitation of animals by humans and cruelty towards them, which is the starting point for further analysis. After that the chapter focuses on the issues of factory farming and consumption of animal products on a large scale. It presents a number of environmental and climate problems caused by these issues. These matters are discussed primarily as part of the analysis of scientific research in this area. On this basis, it was found, that if people do not follow the current recommendations to reduce the consumption of meat and dairy products, it will make other measures to prevent the advancing climate and ecological crisis ineffective. The last part of the chapter deals with the actions that the third sector is taking to solve these problems. This is illustrated by the example of two non-governmental organizations – Otwarte Klatki and Greenpeace. The chapter highlights the fact that such organizations can encourage positive behaviors and attitudes by promoting a plant-based diet, and may play an important role in terms of systemic change. Moreover, it is signaled that their social campaigns concerning the promotion of a menu excluding meat constitute one of the directions of pro-ecological activities in this context.
EN
This paper aims to answer the following research question: Through what activities the Stocznia Foundation ensures the activation and safety of people at risk of exclusion? Given the growing number of social groups at risk of exclusion (mainly the elderly, the homeless, those at risk of homelessness or the lonely), the Stocznia Foundation responds by conducting research aimed at identifying social needs. Its actions help restore the meaning of life to these groups, as well as re-establish themselves in society. As an aid institution, this non-governmental organization provides services in the areas that contribute to building a conscious, safe and wise society, actively involved in working for the common good. As an integral part of the CAMI and Lokator projects, the Stocznia Foundation cooperates with other NGOs and organizations for the development of innovation and science.
EN
This paper aims to answer the question: Through what activities the Stocznia Foundation ensures the idea of social participation in society? That idea assumes that social groups actively participate for the benefit of social development in cooperation with municipal authorities and third-sector organizations. Stocznia is a non-governmental organisation and an aid institution providing services in the areas that improve building a conscious, safe and wise society, actively involved in the activities for the common good. The Od diagnozy do strategii project organized by the Stocznia Foundation, is the document that describes the citizens’ participation in public projects and the process of planning an effective strategy for achieving selected goals. The Foundation is an integral part of the preparation strategy for civic participation, which is based on the analysis of the practical involvement of stakeholder groups in the creation of real plans for the development of the local environment. This article is part of the research devoted to the Stocznia Foundation and its activities for the benefit of the society, especially the idea of social participation and the security sphere related to it.
EN
The aim of the article is to answer the following research question: Through what activities does the Stocznia Foundation ensure involvement of and support to children and youth? The analysis was performed on the basis of theoretical and empirical knowledge. Areas were indicated in which the support of the young generation by NGOs was most often noted as part of activities for local communities. In this aspect, types of assistance were listed, such as: shaping the attitudes of youth, learning soft skills in relations with other people in the decision-making process, social directions of development of children and youth, and assistance in gaining visibility of the realized projects. Apart from that, the positions of the authors of the Equal Opportunities project are based on 20 years of work. The Foundation focuses its activities on the provision of services in the areas that favor building a conscious and safe society through the active involvement of the young ones in efforts for the common good.
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2006
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vol. 154
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issue 2
187-208
EN
The paper presents an analysis of roles and visions of foundations in four Central and Eastern European countries: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary and Poland. It offers a comparative account of the relevant legislation and the paths taken by these four foundation sectors in the aftermath of the 1989–91 democratic re´gime changes. They are depicted against a background characterized, among other things, by a partial demise of the state and rapid development of non-profit organizations. Using the methodology and conceptualizations of the research project Roles and visions of foundations in Europe, the authors describe the role profiles of foundations in these countries. They distinguish between role expectations of foundation stakeholders and the roles foundations are actually able to perform, given existing constraints such as legal regulations and limited own resources. The roles are further analyzed as parts of broader social visions in which foundation representatives and other stakeholders in the four CEE countries prefer to locate them. The dominance of certain roles and visions is explained with reference to specific features of post-communist societies
EN
The third sector is the civic sector, which consists of entities most often called NGOs, but in addition to this definition, there are also several names: social organizations, non-profit organizations, voluntary organizations, civic organizations. The purpose of this article is to show the role of image managing and the directions of sport clubs development. The article will be based on research conducted on sports fans in terms of their attitude to the clubs and the importance of their image in the decision to purchase services and sports products. In addition, model-based solutions for the influence of the image on the functioning of sports clubs and the influence of external factors on this image will be presented. For the harmonious development of a sports organization in the local community, it is necessary to have a positive image, and any negative image-related phenomena negatively affect the basic activity of the club. The basic hypothesis assumes that there are constant factors that are the core of the sports club’s image and image-related factors resulting from the current image management. The result is a partial image management model in a sports club.
PL
Trzeci sektor to sektor obywatelski, na który składają się podmioty nazywane najczęściej organizacjami pozarządowymi, jednakże obok tego określenia funkcjonuje jeszcze kilka nazw: organizacje społeczne, organizacje non-profit, organizacje wolontarystyczne, organizacje obywatelskie. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie roli zarządzania wizerunkiem oraz kierunków rozwoju klubów sportowych w zakresie tego zarządzania. Podstawą jego będą badania własne przeprowadzone na kibicach sportowych pod kątem ich stosunku do klubów oraz znaczenia ich wizerunku w decyzjach zakupu usług i produktów sportowych. Poza tym podane w nim zostaną modelowe rozwiązania dotyczące wpływu wizerunku na funkcjonowanie klubów sportowych oraz wpływ czynników zewnętrznych na ten wizerunek. Dla harmonijnego rozwoju organizacji sportowej w społeczności lokalnej konieczny jest jej pozytywny wizerunek, a wszelkie negatywne zjawiska wizerunkowe negatywnie wpływają na podstawową działalność klubu. Podstawowa hipoteza zakłada, że istnieją stałe czynniki, będące rdzeniem wizerunku klubu sportowego oraz czynniki wizerunkowe wynikające z bieżącego zarządzania wizerunkiem. Wynikiem badań jest cząstkowy model zarządzania wizerunkiem w klubie sportowym.
EN
The main objective of the paper is to present a brief characteristics of the process of development of the third sector in Poland after the fall of communism in 1989. The author first discusses the theoretical background of the idea of non-governmental sector and the discourse upon which in Poland this sector was constituted as a domain of associations and foundations activity. Next, the turning points in the recent history of the third sector in Poland, are presented. They are linked in particular to the adoption of two historical pieces of legislation – the Act of 1989 on Associations and the Act of 2003 on Public Benefit Activity and Volunteering. The author also reviews the key current problems of the third sector in Poland which serves as an attempt to foresee in which direction Polish non-governmental orgnisations (NGOs) may evolve in the near future.
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PL
Artykuł prezentuje genezę i główne cechy polskiego modelu ekonomii społecznej. W artykule została ukazana istota przedsiębiorczości społecznej bazującej na doświadczeniach i potencjale rodzimego trzeciego sektora oraz dominującej praktyce wiążącej się z finansowaniem podmiotów ekonomii społecznej ze środków publicznych. Dynamiczny rozwój przedsiębiorstw społecznych w Polsce wymusza tworzenie dostosowanego do polskich realiów systemu wspierania tej formy działalności gospodarczej. Powstanie takiego systemu może uruchomić proces odbloko-wywania tkwiących w społeczeństwie polskim zasobów i uśpionych w nim kapitałów. Koncepcje ekonomii społecznej sprawdzają się w realiach światowego kryzysu gospodarczego lepiej niż inne. W sytuacji przeciwdziałania jego skutkom, upowszechnianie form działalności go-spodarczej opierających się na koncepcjach ekonomicznych uwzględniających cele społeczne zyska-ło ogromnie na znaczeniu. W krótkim czasie stały się one istotnymi propozycjami branymi pod uwagę w debacie mającej na celu poszukiwanie rozwiązań uzdrawiających rodzimą gospodarkę. Przedstawione w artykule doświadczenia tworzenia polskiego modelu ekonomii społecznej pokazują, możliwości i szanse jego rozwoju, ale również tkwiące w nim zagrożenia.
EN
The article presents the origins and the main features of the Polish model of social economy. It discusses the essence of social entrepreneurism drawing on the experiences and the potential of the third sector in Poland and employing the widespread practice where financing for social econ-omy entities is provided from public funds. The dynamic growth of social enterprises in Poland prompts the development of a support system designed for economic operations of this type and adjusted to the Polish realities. Properly established, such system may instigate the release of resources and assets inherent to and dormant in Polish people. Concepts of social economy prove to be more effective than other approaches in the realities of the global economy crisis. In the circumstances where its effects need to be neutralized, promo-tion of operations based on the concepts of economy taking into account society-oriented goals has become increasingly important. In a short time these solutions have gained recognition in the debate aimed at finding options for healing the domestic economy. Presented in this article, the experiences of developing Polish model of social economy illus-trate the chances and opportunities for its growth as well as risks contained within it.
EN
The aim of this paper is to investigate reasons hindering the proper recognition of co-production in public policies and its implementation to current research in Poland. The study elaborates on three theses: existing a veneer form of co-production instead of co-production par excellence, limiting the recognition of co-production to the theoretical concept and its underestimation in empirical studies, and limiting co-production to cutting or freezing public expenditures on public services instead of regarding it as an instrument involving citizens into public policies. The paper is divided into the sections including: the overview of the foreign findings on co-production, presenting the reasons of co-production's poor recognition in Poland, analysing chances of co-production's utilization in research and public policies, and — finally — showing some preliminary evidence from education policy in Poland. The study is based on theoretical analyses of the literature and statistical data, and preliminary empirical evidence from authors' science project.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza czynników utrudniających rozpoznanie koprodukcji w polity¬kach publicznych i jej wykorzystanie w badaniach naukowych w Polsce. Studium koncen¬truje się na trzech głównych tezach, tj. założeniu istnienia fasadowej formy koprodukcji w miejsce koprodukcji właściwej, ograniczenia koprodukcji do ram teoretycznych, przy jej słabym wdrożeniu w badaniach naukowych, oraz traktowania koprodukcji w sposób pragmatyczny, czyli jako narzędzia ograniczania wydatków publicznych, ale nie jako instru¬mentu zwiększającego udział obywateli w realizacji i stanowieniu polityk publicznych. Artykuł został podzielony na kilka części, w których dokonano przeglądu tła teore-tycznego koprodukcji w literaturze zachodniej, zanalizowano powody słabego rozpoznania koprodukcji w Polsce i szanse na jej umocnienie w badaniach empirycznych oraz przed¬stawiono zastosowanie koprodukcji w polskiej polityce edukacyjnej. W studium wykorzystano analizę literatury i dostępnych danych statystycznych oraz zaprezentowano wyniki badań autorki w zakresie koprodukcji w polskiej polityce edukacyjnej
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