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EN
Policies can influence health of a population in various ways. Numerous epidemiological studies supported by toxicological investigations demonstrate a positive association between ambient concentrations of airborne particulate matter and increased adverse cardio-respiratory events, including morbidity and mortality. The aim of this paper was to present the concept of the top-down health policy risk assessment approach model developed to estimate the expected health risk reduction associated with policy aiming at attaining the new particulate matter ≤ 10 μm in diameter (PM 10) standards in Poland. The top-down approach guides the analysis of causal chains from the policy to health outcomes. In this case study we tried to estimate the predicted health effects of the policy change over the past 20 years. Since Polish annual standard for PM 10 changed from 50 μg/m³ in 1990 to 40 μg/m³ in 2010, we calculated the relative risk associated with decreasing PM 10 in diameter to 10 μg/m³ in the annual level of PM 10 for 6 adverse health effects. The relative risk slightly decreased for almost all adverse health effects, which means that the relative decrease in the incidence of health effects from the baseline incidence should range from about 0.5–0.6% for heart disease admissions to > 1% for respiratory admissions. The obtained results indicate that implementation of the new ambient air standards could influence improvement of the health status of Polish population. A top-down policy health risk assessment model can be one of the main tools in this process, providing harmonized guidance how to seek evidence-based information, which could serve policy-makers.
PL
Przeciwnicy teorii inteligentnego projektu argumentowali czasem, że jej podejście do biologii zniechęca do prowadzenia badań naukowych. Można jednak pokazać, że najpłodniejszy nowy paradygmat biologii systemowej jest w istocie znacznie spójniejszy z przekonaniem o inteligentnym zaprojektowaniu życia niż przekonanie o neodarwinowskiej ewolucji. W ramach tego nowego paradygmatu biologii systemowej, który powstał i rozwijał się przez mniej więcej ostatnie dziesięć lat, układy ożywione analizowane są przy wykorzystaniu pojęć zaczerpniętych z inżynierii systemów, takich jak projekt, przetwarzanie informacji, optymalizacja oraz inne jawnie teleologiczne pojęcia. Paradygmat ten oferuje odnoszącą sukcesy, umożliwiającą formułowanie ilościowych przewidywań teorię biologiczną. Mimo że główni przedstawiciele tej dyscypliny uznają układy biologiczne za wytwór doboru naturalnego, to nie potrafią uniknąć używania języka projektu i koncepcji projektowych w swoich badaniach, a już nawet pobieżne spojrzenie na biologię systemową skłania do wniosku, że naprawdę przyjmuje ona całkowicie projektowe podejście.
EN
Opponents of the intelligent design (ID) approach to biology have sometimes argued that the ID perspective discourages scientific investigation. To the contrary, it can be argued that the most productive new paradigm in systems biology is actually much more compatible with a belief in the intelligent design of life than with a belief in neo-Darwinian evolution. This new paradigm in system biology, which has arisen in the past ten years or so, analyzes living systems in terms of systems engineering concepts such as design, information processing, optimization, and other explicitly teleological concepts. This new paradigm offers a successful, quantitative, predictive theory for biology. Although the main practitioners of the field attribute the presence of such things to the outworking of natural selection, they cannot avoid using design language and design concepts in their research, and a straightforward look at the field indicates it is really a design approach altogether.
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