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EN
The aim of this study is to present the motivational, structural and name-forming analysis of one part of the Czech hydronymy localized in the Moravian-Silesian Region. The list of the hydronyms consists of 817 names and includes standardized names as well as names suitable for standardization. The names of streams and rivers, and the names of water bodies (dams, ponds, etc.) are analysed separately because they are of different characters which was actually confirmed by the analysis. The names of streams and rivers were most often motivated by the localization of the naming objects, and the names of water bodies we motivated by the nature of these objects.
Acta onomastica
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2021
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vol. 62
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issue 2
404-418
EN
The Czech Corner (Cz. Český koutek, Ger. Böhmischer Winkel) refers to a territory found in what is now modern Poland. Despite its location and the fact that it had constituted part of Germany until 1945, the territory shares geographical, historical, ethnic and linguistic ties with the Czech lands. Until the end of the Second World War, the area, which consists of 11 villages, had predominantly been populated by ethnic Czechs. This study is the first outcome of our research into the toponymy of the Czech Corner. It seeks to collect as many names that used to be used by the Czech inhabitants of the area in question as possible, as well as to analyse such collected names in semantic and formal terms. Additionally, the objective is to investigate how these names changed over time as well as their ties with foreign language anoikonyms including, but not limited to, German anoikonyms. The aims of the research also include shedding light on how the landscape of the Czech Corner used to be perceived and interpreted by its previous inhabitants as well as exploring the ways in which the local anoikonyms are tied with the ethnic and national identity of those who created and used them. This study focuses primarily on the names of those parts of the villages in question that have their own names identifying them. A total of 40 such names have been collected including e.g. Ráj (Paradise), Ve voleti (Bird’s Crop), V krku (Bird’s Neck), V huse (Goose Belly) and Dvanáct apoštolů (Twelve Apostles).
EN
This article is devoted to structural-semantic research in French and Georgian languages. Every literary work determines the history of its country and nation, culture and tradition. In literary works with the use of different stylistic devices, topics, characters and historical facts are shown. Very often writers use Oïkonyms (oïkos from the Greek word meaning ‘house’ or-, ‘dwelling’) as the city’s name allows us to create a general view about a nation’s culture, art and history. Thus, Oïkonyms are the determinants of a topic and of important facts in literary works. Synchronous course of historical facts gives some meaning to the city names and their utilization in literary works creates an emotional background for the reader. In literary texts, Oïkonyms create a special effect as they cause profound and mysterious feelings. The readers’ imagination will determine the meanings of these feelings. Every writer uses the name of a city to create and to identify a concrete cognitive idea in a literary work. As a result, research into the use of Oïkonyms in the context of literary onomastics, with its variety, development and multilateral perception, is a developing field of research.
FR
Chaque œuvre littéraire définit l’histoire des pays et des peuples, leur culture et leurs traditions. Les personnages, les sujets et les faits historiques des œuvres littéraires sont décrits par différentes méthodes stylistiques. Le fait historique se traduit souvent par les noms de lieux, notamment, les noms de villes qui permettent de créer un point de vue général sur la culture et l’histoire de la nation. Donc, en général, les noms de villes ont une importance significative pour le sujet d’une œuvre littéraire. Les écrivains se servent de noms de villes pour décrire le monde où se déroule la vie des personnages et exprimer leurs émotions, car il y a des villes dont les noms sont associés à des évènements significatifs, émotifs. La séquence des faits historiques redonne une importance particulière aux oïkonymes. Leur emploi dans la littérature peut susciter de l’émotion chez les lecteurs. Dans la littérature, les noms de villes ont une valeur particulière. Ils suscitent un sentiment profond et mystérieux, dont la perception dépend de l’imagination du lecteur. Chaque écrivain utilise les noms de villes ou ceux de lieux habités pour identifier son propre style ainsi que les idées cognitives décrites dans une œuvre littéraire concrète. Donc l’étude des noms de lieux, notamment, ceux de villes, à travers le prisme de l’onomastique littéraire comparée du français et du géorgien, avec leurs diversités de développement et de perception redondance de diversités attire l’attention des chercheurs.
Translationes
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2011
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vol. 3
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issue 1
FR
Cette enquête met en vis-à-vis, d’une part, la conception que le linguiste et théoricien Charles Nodier (1780-1844) expose dans ses Notions élémentaires de linguistique (1834) au sujet de l’orthographe inaltérable des noms propres et, d’autre part, la pratique du conteur et du créateur qu’il est dans le même temps dans Trilby (1822). Il est ainsi envisagé de résoudre la question de la francisation du toponyme Argyle (en référence à la région des lacs d’Écosse), orthographié par Nodier, contre toute attente, Argail dans son conte. Cette forme Argail, au-delà d’un simple processus de translittération et des justifications en trompe-l’oeil dévoilées par Nodier lui-même dans la préface de son oeuvre, laisse en réalité découvrir de savantes manipulations relevant de quatre domaines : l’histoire de la langue, la phonétique, la graphie, l’étymologie enfin.
EN
This study opposes, on the one hand, the concept exposed by linguist and theoretician Charles Nodier (1780-1844) in his Elementary Notions in Linguistics (1834) referring to the inalterable spelling of proper nouns, and, on the other hand, his practice as a storyteller and creator in his Trilby (1822). We will also consider answering the question of the gallicization of the toponym "Argyle" (allusion to the lake region in Scotland), spelled "Argail" by Nodier in his tale, contrary to all expectations. "Argail" , beyond the mere process of transliteration and trompe-l’oeil justifications revealed by Nodier himself in the prefaceo t his book, opens up to subtle manipulations that pertain to four fields: history of language, phonetics, written formand etymology
EN
Folk etymology refers to the process of making connections between etymologically opaque words and words that despite having similar forms or meanings are etymologically different. It is a manifestation of people’s natural need to attain a clear understanding of the things that surround them, identify relationships between them, and give them an order. The first part of the study addresses folk etymology vis-à-vis folk memory. The second part focuses on folk interpretations of toponyms that were used by the inhabitants of the Czech Corner, a territory located in Kłodzko Land in what is now Poland. Arguably, the most remarkable example of these is the traditional folk interpretation of “selling Poverty to buy Need”, meaning that the financial situation of the local people was never very good. The phraseme, which contains the names of two villages on the Czech border ‒ Chudoba (EN: poverty) and Nouzín (EN: place where people are in need), is believed to be based on the common assumption that the two place names remind us of the poverty that the region faced. The reality is however that etymologically Nouzín has nothing to do with „need“. Additionally, the study deals with folk interpretations of the toponyms Pálenina, Kodrcov, Plhánek, Zámecká hora and Pec.
EN
Etymological legends are an important component of verbal folklore, making it possible for us to interpret the names of a variety of geographic objects. In addition to having an anonymous author and being passed orally from generation to generation, an etymological legend is characterized by being primarily associated with rural environments. This study addresses etymological legends associated with Kovářova rokle (EN: Blacksmith’s Ravine) situated in Bromouvské stěny (EN: Broumov Walls), a nature reserve in the northeast of Bohemia. It analyses legends created by both the Czech and German population of the area while looking at differences and drawing parallels between them ‒ the most significant difference being the very reason for giving the ravine the name it bears. According to Czech etymological legends, the ravine is presumed to have been named after a blacksmith that had built a forge in a cave there to work in. In contrast, German legends believe the ravine was the hideout of a robber called Schmied (German for “blacksmith”). Therefore, if the ravine were to be named after him, it would be Schmied’s Ravine.
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Basque toponymy in the New World

80%
CS
Autoři zkoumají baskickou toponymii vyskytující se na mapách Spojených států, Kanady a Latinské Ameriky. Přibližně 50 místních jmen uváděných v článku bylo vybráno vzhledem k jejich jazykovo-kulturní, geografické, asociační a honorifikační hodnotě. Užitá metodologie zahrnuje historickou, jazykovou a sémiotickou analýzu, která ukazuje, že baskická toponymie představuje v čase a prostoru zcela jedinečný jev. Vzhledem k tomu, že mnoho moderních výzkumů (např. Loewen, Bakker, Igartua, Zabaltza) se soustřeďuje na dějiny baskičtiny, je nezbytné zkoumat baskický vliv na ostatní jazyky a kultury a baskickou toponymii analyzovat na základě jazykových kontaktů. Analýza baskické toponymie mimo původní baskické území odhaluje pozoruhodný historický vývoj baskičtiny a baskické komunity. V toponymickém dědictví Nového světa se nacházejí kupříkladu kalková toponyma, toponymické aluze a deantroponymická toponyma připomínající Basky. Baskická místní jména v Novém světě navíc obsahují jak vrstvu výrazů, které se shodují s lexikálními jednotkami, jež jsou jejich základem, tak odlišnou vrstvu, která byla transformována jazykovými kontakty s dominantními jazyky. Baskické toponymické aluze mohou být explicitní i implicitní; ve většině případů však jde o deantroponymická toponyma, která mohou být rozpoznána prostřednictvím baskických onomastických modelů příjmení. Systematizace baskické toponymie v Novém světě představuje tedy pro moderní onomastiku i obecnou/aplikovanou lingvistiku zajímavý a neobvyklý počin a zároveň východisko pro vytvoření typologie odrážející rozmanité typy baskického onomastického dědictví.
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Content available remote

Alanica в топонимии Дона

71%
Acta onomastica
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2023
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vol. 64
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issue 2
344-359
EN
The aim of the proposed study is to determine the Iranian trace in the toponymy (mostly in hydronymy), attested in the basin of the Don river. In particular, taking into account the results of the etymological analysis of a toponym group in the Don river region, the author considers that the conclusion about its Alanian genesis is very likely. An important factor leads to this thought: the words reconstructed in this study have close equivalent or full identity only in the archaic Ossetian vocabulary (appellative and toponymic), which inherits Alanian lingual tradition. There is a reason to reconstruct the following Alanian words: *anz-āf, *aspa-boγ-, *boγ-ān, *boγ-ut čar, *bor-oday- or *bar-oday-, *bur-gāmi āstaw, *dānaw [*dānaw- sanak?], *fars-dān, *fotug-dān, *is-ān, *sūs-[w]ad, *tuskāj lanč-, *wīr-xān or *wīri xān. All overviewed toponyms are of particular interest for the practice of etymology and Iranian comparative-historical linguistics. There is a very interesting and etymologically equivocal example Донав Сынок which may be a case of Slavic rethinking Alanian *dānaw just as Proto-Slavic *dunavь. The conclusion on Alanian heritage in the Don toponymy can be supported with data of archaeology and history, therefore it is clear that further search of evidences of Iranian lexical relicts in this region will be in perspective.
CS
Cílem příspěvku je odhalit íránskou stopu v toponymii (především pak hydronymii) povodí řeky Donu. Na základě výsledků etymologické analýzy autor považuje závěry o alanské genezi za velmi pravděpodobné. Vede jej k tomu následující důležitá skutečnost: slova rekonstruovaná v tomto příspěvku mají blízký ekvivalent nebo plnou identitu pouze v archaické osetské slovní zásobě (apelativní i toponymické), která vychází z alanského jazykového dědictví. Lze zrekonstruovat následující alanská slova: *anz-āf, *aspa-boγ-, *boγ-ān, *boγ-ut čar, *bor-oday- nebo *bar-oday-, *bur-gāmi āstaw, *dānaw [*dānaw- sanak?], *fars-dān, *fotug-dān, *is-ān, *sūs-[w]ad, *tuskāj lanč-, *wīr-xān nebo *wīri xān. Všechna zkoumaná toponyma jsou obzvláště zajímavá z hlediska etymologie a iránské historickosrovnávací lingvistiky. Bez zajímavosti není ani etymologicky dvojznačné jméno Донав Сынок, v jehož případě se může jednat jak o slovanskou výpůjčku alanského výrazu *dānaw, tak o praslovanský výraz *dunavь. Závěr o existenci alanského kulturního dědictví v toponymii povodí Donu může být podpořen archeologickými i historickými daty, a je proto zřejmé, že bude namístě další hledání dokladů íránského lexika v tomto regionu.
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