Search results - CEJSH

1

Trade Diversity and Stages of Development—Evidence on EU Countries

100%

Parteka A.

Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo

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2012

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issue 30

23-44

EN

The paper presents the dynamics of trade diversification with respect to stages of development in the European context. The analysis focuses on EU27 countries observed across the years 1988–2010 and compared to a sample of 136 international economies at all levels of income per capita. We will use product level statistics (six digit HS0) and confront export and import patterns of absolute diversification/concentration. The results show that in line with \‘stages of diversification\’ approach [Imbs and Wacziarg, 2003], EU27 countries are characterized by a high degree of trade diversity (on average, EU27 countries export 78% and import 90% of goods effectively exported and imported at the world level) and within the analyzed period most of them registered a reconcentration of trade structures. Obtained estimation results confirm a positive relationship between trade diversity and economic development levels (conditional mainly upon the size of the country) with a possibility of reconcentration at higher stages of development (observable in nonparametric estimates).

2

Amber as Jewellery, Status Symbol and Work of Art

100%

Bouzek J.

Studia Hercynia

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2016

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vol. 20

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issue 1

13-18

EN

The paper presents a Late Archaic Italic amber head from the collections of the National Museum in Prague, with some brief notes on the amber routes, and role of amber in exchange of keimelia, wedding gifts and antidorons. The studied head is compared with stylistic particularities of heads and figurines, from fine Ionian oeuvres to cruder Italic and Etruscan varieties.

3

Innovations in the Practice of Production and Trade Enterprises in EU Countries

100%

Burinskienė A., Janušauskienė V. M.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

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2016

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vol. 22

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issue 1

9-33

EN

Modern theories are increasingly focusing on innovations. Scientific literature states that the implementation of innovations causes increase in sales volume: enterprises are improving the organization of production and trade methods, reducing production and trade costs, producing and selling competitive products as a result of technological progress. Technological progress also influences the development of production and trade prospects. Although the implementation of innovations is different, the main aspects are related to the novelty of product, production and service R&D intensity and the qualification of employees. Enterprises without the capacity to innovate may invest time and resources in studies of research results but are unable to transform this knowledge into practice (Hult et al., 2004). In such sense it is important to create innovative behaviors and related outcomes on country level (Koellinger, Thurik, 2009). Production and trade enterprises have a significant impact on the national economy, but the number of enterprises that have excellent understanding about innovations and their results is not sufficient. Sales of the trade enterprises in the European Union amount to 66%, and 74% of gross domestic product (GDP) in Lithuania. At the same time sales of the production enterprises in the European Union amount to 15.5% of GDP, and in Lithuania — 21% of GDP. Production and trade enterprises play a significant part among business companies. In corporate structure of the European Union 9.8% of companies are production companies which employ 22.6% of EU workers, while in the structure of the European Union 28.6% of companies are trade companies and these companies employ 24.7% of EU workers. However, in the trade sector there are 90% of companies, and in the production — 84% of companies with up to nine employees (Euro-stat, 2010). Nevertheless, the European Commission’s (2013) study shows the declining contribution of production enterprises to GDP. Eurostat (2010) statistics show that small and medium-sized manufacturing companies are very slow to improve their operations and labor productivity. The EU companies are anticipated to increase by only 2.4% compared with the US companies, where growth of labor productivity is 3.5% Therefore, innovations are also important for the EU trade and production companies. To sum up the above set out material, it can be said that the application of innovations must be considered as a very complex cognitive subject. The article consists of three parts to fully examine the implementation of innovations in production and trade enterprises. First, literature analysis is carried out and topic related aspects are identified. In the second part the paper presents empirical research methodology. Herein, practices of production and trade enterprises are presented, comparison of production and trade enterprises is carried out, and effects on the activeness of enterprises regarding the opportunities of innovation implementation in this area are analyzed. In the third part the article presents empirical research results, conclusions and recommendations. Literature analysis reveals that the greatest role innovation plays in international companies, however the number of such enterprises is very small in the EU. The results also show that production and trade companies from Luxembourg have higher competitiveness than the enterprises from other countries. Overall the paper glances into whether, to what extent, how companies innovate, and how this differs between production and trade service industries.

4

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment from Major Source Countries on Turkish Trade with the European Union

100%

Cetin R., Taban S.

South East European Journal of Economics and Business

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2009

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vol. 4

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issue 2

45-55

EN

The available literature on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade has so far shown mixed results. Although traditional trade theory showed that factor movements and trade are a perfect substitute, new trade and FDI theories argue that factor movements and trade can be either a substitute or complementary to each other, depending on the types of investment made by multinational enterprises (MNEs) and macroeconomic policies used by the host countries. This paper attempts to test empirically the existence of a long-run relationship between inward FDI and the trade performance of Turkey over the period 1976-2006 by applying the multivariate cointegration technique of Johansen and Juselius (1990). In particular, the effects of FDI from major source countries (i.e., the US, Japan, and the EU) are examined to see whether they have different impacts on Turkish trade with the EU. The results of the long-run export supply model indicate that both Japanese and EU FDI play a significant role in the level of Turkish exports to the EU market, while US FDI causes a reduction in the level of Turkish exports to the EU. Similarly, the results of the long-run import demand model show that EU FDI contributes the level of Turkish imports from the EU by raising demands for intermediate and capital goods from the home market, while Japanese FDI led to a decrease in the level of Turkish imports from the EU market.

5

Who owns art? - The problem of trade in cultural objects

100%

Piaskowska M.

Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

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2014

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vol. 4

79-85

EN

The aim of the study is to evaluate the issue of trade in the scope of cultural objects. Presenting the selected topic the author focuses on the notion of cultural property, international instruments for protecting cultural goods and the Polish law system.

6

The Competitive Position of Poland in Bio-Based Products Trade on the European Union Market

100%

Jarosz-Angowska A., Nowak A., Krukowski A.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2022

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vol. 56

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issue 2

41-57

EN

Theoretical background: The strategies for the development of the European Union presented at the beginning of the new century portrayed bioeconomy as a modern concept of ensuring the sustainable and dynamic development of EU member states and bioeconomy itself became an important area of interest to the EU authorities. At present, the development of bioeconomy is a significant element of implementing the economic development strategies of respective EU member states.Purpose of the article: This article aimed to examine the international competitive position of Poland in the bio-based products trade on the common EU market in comparison to other member states of the EU.Research methods: The competitive position in bio-based products trade was evaluated based on the following indicators: balance of trade, Poland’s share in EU exports and imports, trade coverage ratio, import penetration ratio, relative export orientation ratio, intra-industry trade intensity ratio, and export specialisation index. Groups of bio-based products identified based on an official classification of products according to CPA, version 2.1, consistent with NACE. The analysis was based on data derived from the Eurostat database for the years 2008–2017.Main findings: The surveys imply that in 2008–2017, the competitive position of Poland improved mostly in the Forestry, Wood products, Paper and paper products, and Food sector, and in particular in the Tobacco products sector, which has been in line with the bioeconomy development strategy of the European Union.

7

The evaluation of the EU trade with Russia based on the analysis of selected indices: Revealed comparative advantages, intra-industry trade, and trade intensity

100%

Kašťáková E., Baumgartner B.

Business and Economic Horizons

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2017

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vol. Volume 13

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issue Issue 4

428-438

EN

There have been many geopolitical changes and economic factors that affected the mutual trade between the EU and its main trading partners between the years 2005 and 2016. In the long term, one of the most important trade partners of the EU is Russia. It is a major supplier of energy resources to the EU as well as significant export market for European producers. Even today, when mutual trade relations are negatively influenced by trade-political sanctions, the mutual dependence is undeniable. The submission evaluates the mutual trade between the EU and Russia with the use of selected indices - revealed comparative advantages, intra-industry trade and trade intensity. The analysis of these indicators points to strategic importance of this trade relation. However, if the EU wants to sustain this relation, it should consider how to solve the current tension and after that to strengthen future mutual relations.

8

Opinia prawna dotycząca obywatelskiego projektu ustawy o ograniczeniu handlu w niedziele

100%

Karczmarek A.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2016

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issue 4(52)

131-144

EN

The civic Bill on Restrictions Related to Trade on Sundays raises many concerns of constitutional and legislative nature. According to the author, introducing a selective restrictions to freedom of establishment in the area of trade might be non-compliant with the prohibition of discrimination derived from Article 32 para. 2 of the Polish Constitution. Adoption of the act shall result in a collision of norms in the Polish legal system. On one hand the Labor Code allows, under certain circumstances, to work in retail facilities on Sundays, but on the other hand provisions of the bill will prohibit trade and provide penalties for a break the ban. The bill includes a set of provisions not corresponding to the Labor Code.

9

Opinia prawna o zgodności z Konstytucją Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej obywatelskiego projektu ustawy o ograniczeniu handlu w niedziele

100%

Szmulik B.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2016

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issue 4(52)

145-157

EN

The author delivers a detailed analysis of legal accuracy and compliance with the Constitution. The author notices a set of legislative errors – spelling mistakes, errors concerning provision systematics, imprecise definitions and terms, and recommends improvements to be done. According to the author, analyzed Bill is not compliant with the Polish Constitution.

10

Determinants of Polish Exports to the Ukrainian Market

100%

Lewandowska A., Inglot-Brzęk E., Harasym R.

Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i prognozy

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2014

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issue 3(37)

7-15

EN

The aim of this article is to diagnose the state of Polish-Ukrainian economic relations in the area of trade in goods and services, with particular emphasis on the export of goods to the Ukrainian market. The study includes an analysis of the legal conditions and statistical data on trade cooperation between Poland and Ukraine. In order to deepen the theoretical discussion, a quantitative study was carried out among Polish enterprises cooperating with Ukrainian partners, or operating on the Ukrainian market. The results are primarily focused on depicting the exports of goods and services of Polish entrepreneurs to the Ukrainian market.

PL

Celem artykułu jest diagnoza polsko-ukraińskich relacji gospodarczych w obszarze wymiany towarowej i handlu usługami, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem eksportu towarów na rynek ukraiński. Badania obejmują analizę uwarunkowań prawnych oraz analizę danych statystycznych dotyczących współpracy handlowej między Polską i Ukrainą. W celu pogłębienia rozważań teoretycznych przeprowadzone zostały badania ilościowe wśród polskich przedsiębiorstw współpracujących z ukraińskimi partnerami lub działających na rynku ukraińskim. Prezentowane wyniki badań skupiają się przede wszystkim na ukazaniu problematyki eksportu towarów i usług polskich przedsiębiorców na rynek ukraiński.

11

Handel na Południowym Podlasiu w okresie międzywojennym

100%

Zawadzki A.

Historia i Świat

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2012

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issue 1

111-142

EN

In the years 1918-1939, trade constituted one of the main branches of economy. More people were employed in trade than in industry. The highest employment rate, however, was recorded in farming and crafts. The condition of the region depended entirely on the economic policy and the situation of the country. The trade plant network was characterized by irregular location. The majority of shops were located in not numerous towns, whereas in rural areas, which were populated by more than 80% of the inhabitants, shops were relatively rare. The sector structure showed superiority of shops, usually small or very small ones, selling foodstuffs. Another group of shops were stores selling clothes, footwear as well as materials. The interwar trade’s distinctive feature was also the nationality of shopkeepers, most of whom were Jewish.

12

Zróżnicowanie terytorialne podmiotów handlu elektronicznego w Polsce

100%

Pieczarka K.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2019

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issue 544

79-87

PL

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie przestrzennego zróżnicowania oraz podstawowej charakterystyki podmiotów prowadzących e-sprzedaż w Polsce w roku 2016 z wykorzystaniem metody analizy statystycznej i porównawczej. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy stwierdzono, że w roku 2016 około 12% przedsiębiorstw w Polsce prowadziło e-sprzedaż, natomiast 32,5% przedsiębiorstw składało zamówienia poprzez Internet. Największe natężenie podmiotów prowadzących e-sprzedaż zaobserwowano w województwach mazowieckim, łódzkim i wielkopolskim, a najmniejsze w województwach świętokrzyskim, warmińsko-mazurskim oraz lubuskim. Zamówienia otrzymane przez przedsiębiorstwa w 2016 roku najczęściej pochodziły od nabywców zlokalizowanych w Polsce. W województwie łódzkim realizowano najwięcej takich zamówień z wykorzystaniem systemu sprzedaży poprzez strony internetowe lub aplikacje mobilne, natomiast województwo mazowieckie było liderem sprzedaży z wykorzystaniem systemów EDI.

EN

The aim of the article was to present the spatial diversification and basic characteristics of entities conducting e-sales in Poland in 2016 using the method of statistical and comparative analysis. On the basis of the analysis, it was found that in 2016 about 12% of enterprises in Poland had conducted e-sales, while 32.5% of enterprises had placed orders via the Internet. The highest intensity of entities conducting e-sales was observed in the Mazowieckie, Łódzkie and Wielkopolskie Voivodships, and the lowest in the Świętokrzyskie, Warmińsko-mazurskie and Lubuskie Voivodships. Orders received by companies in 2016 were most often received from buyers located in Poland. In Łódzkie Voivodship the largest number of such orders were realized with the use of the sales system through websites or mobile applications, while Mazowieckie Voivodship was the leader in sales with the use of EDI systems.

13

Możliwość sprzedaży alkoholu przez Internet

100%

Kościelny P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2021

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issue 3(71)

251-263

EN

The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism does not include provisions concerning strictly the retail sale of alcohol via Internet. The author considers that, based on provisions concerning stationary shops (required permits, the closed list of types of shops allowed to sell alcohol), the interpretation prohibiting the sale of alcohol online should be considered appropriate. A similar view can be found in the rulings of the Supreme Administrative Court.

14

Zmiany struktury usług i handlu na obszarze Starego Miasta w Toruniu

89%

Tomczykowska P.

Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna

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2012

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issue 20

9-20

EN

The article addresses the issues of retail and service structure in Torun’s Old Town in the context of contemporary decline in traditional city centre functions in Polish cities. Torun’s Old Town is experiencing a disappearance of retail and basic services connected to residential function. Non-basic services appear, called “new services”, appear, and their development is characteristic for the contemporary city centres. All streets of Torun’s Old Town were subject to analysis that aimed to identify directions of changes in property use in the centre. The choice of research area enabled reference to earlier studies to show the functional changes in twenty-year perspective.

PL

W artykule poruszono kwestie związane ze zmianami struktury handlu i usług Starego Miasta w Toruniu w kontekście dostrzegalnego współcześnie zaniku tradycyjnych funkcji śródmiejskich w polskich miastach. Tendencją charakterystyczną dla Starego Miasta w Toruniu jest zanik handlu i usług podstawowych uzupełniających funkcję rezydencjalną. Znamienne jest natomiast pojawianie się usług ponadpodstawowych, określanych także mianem „usług nowych”, których rozwój jest symptomatyczny dla obszarów współczesnych centrów dużych miast. Analizie poddano wszystkie ulice toruńskiego Starego Miasta celem określenia kierunków zmian użytkowania lokali w centrum. Wybór obszaru badań pozwolił nawiązać do wcześniejszych opracowań, dzięki czemu możliwe stało się ukazanie zmian funkcjonalnych z dwudziestoletniej perspektywy.

15

Polsko-abisyńskie stosunki handlowe w latach 1918-1939

88%

Banaś K.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2018

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issue 3-4 (267-268)

265-282

EN

The first trading contacts between Poland and Abyssinia took place in the twenties of the 20th century, although more developed collaboration began during the Great Depression, when Poland’s previous trade partners introduced a number of trade quotas and securities limitations. This is when the great and populated Abyssinia came to Poland’s attention. Already in 1933 a representative of The State Export Institute, Bohdan Wojewódzki, went to Addis Abeba, where he noticed a vast number of possibilities for Polish export. Local society was also very interested in establishing some closer cooperation with Poland. The country wanted to discard the impact of the great powers of the Western Europe and to protect itself from the possibility of Italian aggression. On that account, Abyssinia was striving towards collaboration with non-colonial countries. An agreement of friendship, settlement and trade between Poland and Abyssinia was signed in December 1934. It contained a clause of the highest privilege. The possibilities of cooperation were terminated by Italian aggression.

16

Rules for Maldi vian Trading Ships Tra velling Abroad (1925) and a Sojourn in Southern Ceylon

88%

Romero‑Frias X.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2016

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issue 40

67-84

EN

‘Rules for Maldivian Trading Ships,’ the translated document that forms the first part of the paper is a twelve‑page manual published by the Royal House on the rules that were to be followed by Maldivian oceangoing ships while on their yearly trading trip to “the continent” (kara). Kara referred primarily to the island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the foreign place that Maldivian traders found most convenient to reach. This trade originated in most major islands of the archipelago in the past, including Minicoy (Maliku), but was vital for the communities living in the atolls located at the southern end of the chain. The second part of the paper includes the translation of a personal account by an old Maldivian trader about his experiences in and around Gali (Galle, Sri Lanka), the description of conditions in the harbour and an inland town in Ceylon, as well as the friendships he established there with local people.

17

Operation of Small Businesses in Open-Air Markets in Poland Based on the Example of Kraków

88%

Płaziak M., Szymańska A. I.

Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja

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2017

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vol. 13. Uwarunkowania rozwoju przedsiębiorczości

25-40

EN

Open-air markets are traditionally associated with the landscape of Polish towns and cities. In the beginning, they were in the very centre of the city – most often in the market around which the lives of the locals and the newcomers concentrated. With the development of urban areas, open-air markets were moved out of the city centre. They were transformed, though for a long time, also after the Second World War, they were the place of trade primarily in agricultural and craft products. During the People’s Republic of Poland, citizens were given the opportunity to buy goods not available in stores. Open-air market places gained a new meaning at the beginning of the socio-political transformation after 1989. They became the places of flourishing small businesses and were less and less associated with the sale of agricultural products and more and more with diverse assortments such as any groceries, clothing, chemicals and cosmetics. At present, in the period of the global economy, which in urban areas is typically expressed through the diminishing of the local economy related to small businesses in favour of the global economy introducing supermarkets, hypermarkets and chain outlets, the functioning of open-air markets takes place in the conditions of increased competition. It consists in particular in price competition and competition in the form of a large assortment of goods in stores mentioned above. As shown in the article, also entrepreneurs conducting business activity at the open-air markets in Kraków feel this competition. It manifests itself in the lack of a sense of stabilisation of small businesses. A large group of the surveyed entrepreneurs are also unable to sustain themselves only from this activity.

18

Československo-sovětská hospodářská spolupráce v první polovině 80. let 20. století

88%

Kashapov T.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2016

|

vol. 102

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issue 2

249–276

EN

The period of 1980–1985 is considered the climactic phase of cooperation between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union after 1968. In this contribution the author focuses on analysis of the content of commercial and scientific and technical cooperation between these countries. Utilizing newly-accessible sources from the archives of the Russian Federation and Czech Republic, he confirms the existence of a well-developed contractual, commercial, and scientific-technical basis for their mutual relations. The advantage of bilateral cooperation mainly inhered in the favorable structure of trade relations when the economically and technically advanced Czechoslovakia exported its machinery and consumer products to the Soviet Union, which was rich in raw materials, and exchanged them for cheaper materials and semi-finished products. The relatively successful scientific and technical cooperation was, however, confronted with the ineffectuality of applying its results in practice, which manifested in the ongoing backwardness of the economies of the ČSSR and USSR behind the advanced western countries, and the inability to convert into an intensive model of economic growth, which would have been necessary to achieve the higher standard of living prevalent in those lands.

19

Quality management system in trade - internationalization of marketing relations with consumers

88%

Cuzovic S., Cuzovic D.

Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business

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2011

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vol. 8

|

issue 2

41-44

XX

The aim of marketing management is to satisfy the needs and desires of consumers. A lot of factors have influenced the consumers and their purchasing. Besides price and assortment factors there are requirements of consumers to the quality of a product. It means that a product should possess physical, chemical, designing, aesthetic, ecological and other desirable properties that should be expressed before the use of products. Because of this, the quality in the theory and practice of management is beginning to affirm itself. This has been particularly expressed by the introduction of ISO 9000 which makes possible the internationalization of quality system and circulation of goods and services without “physical-fiscal-technical” barriers.

20

Development of retail market in Serbia

88%

Radosavljević G., Maksimović L., Borisavljević K.

Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business

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2011

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vol. 9

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issue 3

48-52

EN

The aim of this paper is to analyze retail development in Serbia under the conditions of globalization and internationalization in business. The starting point is in current trends in trade in both EU and transitional countries. Macro environmental factors affecting trade development have been investigated as well as indicators related to the number of trade companies, real turnover, employment rate, etc. On the basis of the indicators outlined, the present state of trade in Serbia has been observed and prospect trends have been pointed out. Some assumptions about future successful development along with the increasing competitiveness of Serbian trade have also been made.

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