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One Belt, One Road: new framework for international relations?

100%
Brona A.
Polish Journal of Political Science
|
2018
|
vol. 4
|
issue 2
54-76
XX
Since 2013 “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR, also “Belt and Road Initiative”) has been one of the most commonly used terms in public discourse regarding Chinese foreign policy. This show the importance of the initiative to the Chinese leaders, particular president Xi Jinping. The enterprise consists of two parts: The Silk Road Economic Belt and The 21st-century Maritime Silk Road. The article aims to consider the future development of the project. The analysis of Chinese documents, statements of political leaders, and expansion of the project from 2013 to mid2017 was employed in order to assess possible outcomes of the policy. The results of the study lead to three conclusions. Firstly, OBOR is becoming an umbrella term for different regional development strategies across Eurasia, Africa and perhaps beyond. Those strategies include many aspects, ranging from economy, through security, science to environmental protection. Secondly, OBOR became the cognitive framework, a paradigm, for international relations – the way that people perceive them. Thirdly, the introduction of the initiative may be the beginning of China in the role of architect of new global institutions and rules. However, the rapid expansion of OBOR, both in term of quantity of participants as well as various aspects of cooperation, may lead to ineffectiveness of the initiative.
2
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Besarabia w relacjach Konsulatu Polskiego w Kiszyniowie w okresie międzywojennym w świetle dokumentacji zachowanej w Archiwum Akt Nowych w Warszawie

100%
Tărîţă M.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
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2014
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vol. 21
245-264
EN
The study capitalizes on the documents from the fund nr. 487 of the Archiwum Akt Nowych – The Embassy of the Polish Republic at Bucharest (1919-1940). Aside the embassy documents, it also draws on correspondence and the reports of the Polish Consulate from Chisinau, during the interwar period. The author pays attention to such aspects as economical life, the observation of the Press, the Polish communities which had churches and/or schools and other institutions. During the period studied at Chisinau the following people held Consulate positions: the Consul Cywiński (1919-1922), Viceconsul Ossolińsky (1923-1924), Consul Świerzbiński (1925-June 1929), Consul Uzdowski (from June 1929 until 1932?) and the last was Sandon de Poncet (until 1940). The study has 14 attachments from the folders nr. 71, 314, 321, 323 and 327 of the fund 487.
3
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Obowiązki ewidencyjne i informacyjne koncesjonariusza w zakresie obrotu bronią i amunicją

72%
Dela M.
|
2016
|
vol. 8
|
issue 15
113-129
PL
Handel bronią i amunicją zazwyczaj jest kojarzony bądź z działalnością państwa (sił zbrojnych), bądź organizacji przestępczych. Na rynku broni i amunicji funkcjonują jednak także legalnie działające prywatne podmioty gospodarcze ściśle kontrolowane przez organy państwa. Kontrolę tych podmiotów umożliwiają przepisy zawarte zarówno w akcie rangi ustawowej, jak i w kilku aktach wykonawczych. Nakładają one na przedsiębiorców nie tylko obowiązek uzyskania koncesji, lecz także prowadzenia szczegółowej ewidencji obrotu i przekazywania ściśle określonych informacji wyznaczonym organom państwa. Dzięki sprawnemu obiegowi informacji państwo dysponuje możliwością wglądu w działalność sprzedawców i nabywców, ograniczając tym samym możliwość niekontrolowanego przepływu broni i amunicji oraz jej dostępność na czarnym rynku. Autor dokonuje szczegółowego przeglądu przepisów dotyczących sposobu ewidencjonowania obrotu bronią i amunicją oraz przekazywania informacji właściwym organom. Omawia także konsekwencje, jakie mogą ponieść przedsiębiorcy nieprzestrzegający obowiązków ewidencyjnych i informacyjnych. Autor proponuje również rozwiązania, które nie tylko mogą ułatwić wykonywanie omawianych obowiązków, lecz także usprawnić kontrolę działalności koncesjonowanej.
EN
Arms and ammunition trade is usually associated either with activities of the State (armed forces) or criminal organizations. However, on the market of arms and ammunition there are also legally functioning, private business entities, which are strictly controlled by the authorities of the state. This control is enabled by a number of provisions contained in both - the act of statutory rank, as well as in several implementing acts. They impose on entrepreneurs, not only the obligation to obtain a license, but also keep detailed records of trade and transfer of specific information to designated authorities of the state. Through efficient cycle of information, the state has the power to inspect activities of sellers and buyers, thereby limiting the possibility of uncontrolled movement of arms and ammunition as well as its availability on the black market. The author provides a thorough review of the provisions concerning methods of registering arms and ammunition trade as well as providing information to competent authorities. Also discussed are consequences to be suffered by entrepreneurs not complying with registration and information obligations. The author also proposes solutions that not only facilitate exercising discussed obligations, but also improve the control of licensed activities.
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