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Zakres terytorialny stosowania umów handlowych Unii Europejskiej – pomiędzy teorią a praktyką. Uwagi w świetle orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej

100%
Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2022
|
issue 6(173)
233–253
EN
As a general rule on the territorial scope of treaties, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 assumes that a treaty binds each party in respect of its entire territory. However, this is only a presumption, as any party may decide otherwise. In the second half of the 1990s, the European Union concluded the Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements with Israel and Morocco, which contain in their content, a very generally worded territorial clause, according to which they apply to the territory of the European Union, and Israel or Morocco. However, this seemingly clear and precise rule has in practice caused numerous problems in bilateral relations between the European Union and Israel and between the European Union and Morocco. The purpose of this paper is firstly, to characterise the territorial scope of the Treaties in the light of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, both in theory and in practice, using the example of the trade agreements concluded by the European Union with Israel and Morocco. Secondly, to point out that in practice this scope is much broader, as it includes “third” territories such as those of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Thirdly, to answer the question whether this practice is compatible with the obligations to respect the principles of the United Nations Charter and international law imposed on the European Union by Articles 3(5) and 21(1) of the Treaty on European Union.
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Umowa o partnerstwie gospodarczym nowym rozdziałem w stosunkach Unii Europejskiej z Japonią

72%
Barczak B., Drążewski M.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
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2023
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vol. 21
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issue 1
23-34
EN
Recent years have been marked by a strengthening of the European Union's relationship with Japan. One result is the Economic Partnership Agreement being the subject of this article. This agreement is an important topic of today's international relations and it shapes their image. The aim of this article is to present the most important assumptions of the trade agreement, to examine it from different perspectives, such as the history of mutual contacts, the effects of the presented moves, as well as to assess its functioning, its chances for the future and its potential impact on other areas of bilateral relations. The objective of the publication was pursued through a content analysis of the documents.
PL
Ostatnie lata upłynęły pod znakiem umacniania relacji Unii Europejskiej z Japonią. Jednym z rezultatów jest Umowa o partnerstwie gospodarczym stanowiąca przedmiot artykułu. To porozumienie jest istotnym tematem dzisiejszych stosunków międzynarodowych i kształtuje ich obraz. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie najważniejszych założeń umowy handlowej, jej zbadanie z uwzględnieniem różnych perspektyw, jak historii wzajemnych kontaktów, skutkach prezentowanych posunięć, a także ocena funkcjonowania, jej szanse na przyszłość i potencjalny wpływ na inne obszary obustronnych relacji. Cel publikacji realizowany był poprzez analizę treści dokumentów.
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Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 2)

72%
Klimiuk Z.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
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2018
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vol. 2
27-39
EN
The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germany and the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations with Germany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany before World War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed special conditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normal exchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based, from the very beginning, on a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission in Berlin under which the Soviet Union was granted loans for financing additional orders from Germany. Trade with the Soviet Union, promoted by the first credit-based operations, led to a dynamic exchange of goods, which reached its highest point in 1931. In the early 1930s, however, Soviet imports decreased as the regime asserted power and its weakened adherence to the disarmament requirements of the Treaty of Versailles decreased Germany’s reliance on Soviet imports. In addition, the Nazi Party’s rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet Union made repeated efforts at reestablishing closer contacts with Germany. The Soviets chiefly sought to repay, with raw materials the debts which arose from earlier trade exchange, while Germany sought to rearm, therefore both countries signed a credit agreement in 1935. That agreement placed at the disposal of the Soviet Union until June 30, 1937 the loans amounting to 200 million Reichsmarks which were to be repaid in the period 1940–1943. The Soviet Union used 183 million Reichsmarks from this credit. The preceding credit operations were, in principle, liquidated. Economic reconciliation was hampered by political tensions after the Anschluss in the mid-1938 and Hitler’s increasing hesitance to deal with the Soviet Union. However, a new period in the development of Soviet-German economic relations began after the Ribbetrop–Molotov Agreement, which was concluded in August of 1939.
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Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 1)

72%
Klimiuk Z.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
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2018
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vol. 1
49-64
EN
The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germanyand the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations withGermany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany beforeWorld War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed specialconditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normalexchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based from the very beginningon a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission to Berlin under which the Soviet Union wasgranted loans for financing additional orders from Germany. Trade with Soviet Union, promotedby the first credit-based operations, led to a dynamic exchange of goods, which reached itshighest point in 1931. In the early 1930s, however, Soviet imports decreased as regime assertedpower and its weakened adherence to the disarmament requirements of the Treaty of Versaillesdecreased Germany’s reliance on Soviet imports. In addition, the Nazi Party’s ascent to powerincreased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet Unionmade repeated efforts at reestablishing closer contacts with Germany. The Soviets chieflysought to repay, with raw materials, the debts which arose from earlier trade exchange, whileGermany sought to rearm, therefore both countries signed a credit agreement in 1935. The saidagreement placed at the disposal of the Soviet Union until June 30, 1937, the loans amountingto 200 million Reichsmarks, to be repaid in the period 1940–1943. The Soviet Union used183 million Reichsmarks from this credit. The preceding credit operations were, in principle,liquidated. Economic reconciliation was hampered by political tensions after the Anschluss inmid-1938 and Hitler’s increasing hesitance to deal with the Soviet Union. However, a new periodin the development of Soviet–German economic relations began after the Ribbetrop–MolotovAgreement, which was concluded in August of 1939.
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Specyfika zawierania umowy sekurytyzacji

72%
Najman M.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2017
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vol. 104
101-119
PL
Artykuł odnosi się do pojęcia sekurytyzacji w polskim prawie handlowym. Celem niniejszej publikacji jest przybliżenie etapów upowszechniania się umowy sekurytyzacji w obrocie handlowym, jej charakteru prawnego, ustabilizowanych składników, dopuszczalności przedmiotowej i podmiotowej, praw i obowiązków stron i innych podmiotów uczestniczących w jej zawieraniu, celu gospodarczego, możliwego wpływu na sytuację finansową przedsiębiorstwa będącego stroną umowy sekurytyzacji, a także uświadomienie upowszechnienia się sekurytyzacji w Polsce ze względu na możliwe korzyści jej przeprowadzenia, a co za tym idzie, konieczności uregulowania prawnie jej zawierania. W artykule pominięte zostały szczegółowe kwestie regulacji prawnej przeprowadzenia sekurytyzacji w Polsce ze względu na ich szczątkowość, nadmierny formalizm i niedopasowanie do realiów obecnego obrotu gospodarczego. W zakończeniu autor przedstawia postulaty de lege ferenda co do regulacji prawnej sekurytyzacji w Polsce w nawiązaniu do nieuchwalonego projektu ustawy o sekurytyzacji z 2003 r.
EN
Article refers to the concept of securitization in the Polish commercial law. The aim of this publication is to present the stages of dissemination of securitization in the course of trade, its legal nature, stable ingredients, the objective and subjective admissibility, the rights and obligations of the parties and other entities participating in securitization, the economic purpose, the possible impact on the financial undertaking which is party to the securitization, as well as the realization spread of securitization in Poland due to the possible benefit of its conduct, and hence, the need to regulate by law its conclusion. The article has been omitted specific issues of legal regulation of securitization carried out in Poland, due to their residualness, excessive formalism and mismatch to the realities of the current economic turnover. In conclusion, the author presents proposals de lege ferenda about the legal regulation of securitization in Poland in relation to non enacted draft law on securitization of 2003.
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Wybrane aspekty kulturowych uwarunkowań negocjacji prawniczych międzynarodowych kontraktów handlowych

72%
Cyrul W., Hałucha W.
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
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2018
|
issue 2(23)
21-36
EN
The paper discusses role of selected types of cultural barriers in trade negotiations, and in particular their importance in negotiation concerning international commercial contracts. On the ground of critical presentation of competing models of negotiations an attempt is made to demonstrate deficiencies of these models from the point of view of eventual cultural differences existing between negotiating parties. In the paper we argue that awareness of and sensitivity to cultural context of legal orders and legal traditions is not only the crucial competence of managers and lawyers negotiating contracts in an international or intercultural milieu, but also an element which has to be taken into account by any theory of legal negotiations.
PL
W artykule omówiono rolę wybranych barier kulturowych w negocjacjach handlowych, a zwłaszcza ich znaczenie w negocjacjach dotyczących międzynarodowych umów handlowych. Na podstawie krytycznej prezentacji konkurencyjnych modeli negocjacji, podjęto próbę wykazania braków tych modeli z punktu widzenia ewentualnych różnic kulturowych istniejących między stronami negocjującymi. W artykule stwierdza się, że świadomość różnic kulturowych i wrażliwość na kontekst kulturowy porządków prawnych i tradycji prawnych to nie tylko kluczowe kompetencje menedżerów i prawników negocjujących umowy w środowisku międzynarodowym lub międzykulturowym, ale także elementy, które należy uwzględniać w każdej teorii negocjacji prawniczych.
7
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Wyrażanie zobowiązań pieniężnych w umowach handlowych w walucie obcej

58%
Maliszewska M.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uczelni Vistula
|
2018
|
issue 62(5) Ekonomia XVI
127-138
PL
Artykuł dotyczy prawnych zagadnień odnoszących się do możliwości spełnienia świadczenia pieniężnego w walucie obcej, w tym w euro. Przeanalizowano w nim istotę świadczenia pieniężnego oraz jedną z zasad zobowiązań, a mianowicie zasadę walutowości. Dokonano analizy aktualnie obowiązującego stanu prawnego dotyczącego istoty zasady walutowości. W tym celu zaprezentowano zmiany legislacyjne odnoszące się do niej. Ponadto przedstawiono wybrane orzeczenia sądowe dotyczące zasady waluty i sposobu rozliczeń stron zobowiązania umownego. Wskazano także skutki zniesienia zasady walutowości dla realizacji krajowych zobowiązań pieniężnych. W artykule przeprowadzono obserwację zmian prawnych systematyzujących sposoby rozliczeń między kontrahentami. Zasygnalizowano konieczność wyeliminowania wątpliwości prawnych związanych z potencjalnym wprowadzeniem waluty euro w miejsce dotychczas obowiązującej. Artykuł ma charakter interdyscyplinarny. Zaprezentowano w nim wpływ zmian prawnych dotyczących interpretacji zasady walutowości na kształtowanie polityki biznesowej podmiotów prowadzących działalność gospodarczą.
EN
The article concerns the legal issues relating to the possibility to make monetary performance in a foreign currency, including that in the euros. The author analysed in it the essence of monetary performance and one of the liability principles, namely the currency principle. She carried out an analysis of the currently binding legal status concerning the essence of currency principle. With this end in view, she presented the legal amendments relating thereto. Moreover, the author presented the selected court judgements concerning the currency principle and the way of settlements of parties to the contractual liability. She also pointed out to the consequences of abrogation of the currency principle for fulfilment of domestic pecuniary obligations. In her article, the author carried out an observation of the legal amendments systematising the ways of settlements between contractors. She signalled the necessity to eliminate legal doubts connected with the potential introduction of the euro replacing the currency currently applied. The article is of the interdisciplinary nature. It presents the impact of legal amendments concerning interpretation of the currency principle on formation of the business policy implemented by the entities running their economic activity.
8
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Československo-sovětská hospodářská spolupráce v období Gottwaldovy éry

58%
Fišer O.
Acta historica Neosoliensia Vedecký časopis pre historické vedy
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2022
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vol. 25
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issue 2
38-51
EN
Czechoslovak-Soviet economic cooperation in the years 1948-1953 is hitherto a rather marginalized facet of contemporary historiography. The limited secondary literature on this topic, especially from Czechoslovak economists and historians, published both during the communist regime and after the Velvet Revolution, is characterized by a rather strong pro/anti-communist bias limiting its objective insight into the various technical aspects of intra-bloc cooperation. The major aim of this study is therefore to use the newly accessible fonds of the Czech National Archives at Chodov and the Archives of the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Czernin Palace to construct a more holistic portrayal of Czechoslovak cooperation with the Soviet Union, its largest trading partner. The hypothesis is that although under the influence of the authoritarian regimes of Stalin and Gottwald, trade relations between the two countries were rather politicized at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s, they were nevertheless to some extent guided by the practical needs of the national economies. It was the clash between political and economic reasoning and the quest of the communist leadership of both states to achieve their mutual equilibrium that was characteristic of the Gottwald era. The present work also seeks to highlight the crucial role of the Third Republic (1945-1948) in the economic integration of Czechoslovakia into the Eastern Bloc. Specific space is then devoted to the negotiation processes of individual trade agreements, their content and their impact on the development of the Czechoslovak economy.
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