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Dysfunctional Leadership – Management in the CSR-case

100%
Will M., Haidig J., Platje J.
Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics (CEEJME)
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2015
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issue 2
155-160
EN
Regarding CSR, most business is likely to focus on win-win solutions, neglecting interactions in complex system. Trade-offs are often not identified or considered. This may lead to unexpected side effects of actions in the future. The aim of this article is to identify the most important contradictions / trade-offs in CSR management as well as management practices to deal with these trade-offs.
2
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Global optimization and complexity trade-offs

100%
Sinnemäki K.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
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2014
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vol. 50
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issue 2
179-195
EN
It is sometimes assumed in research on language complexity that if languages tended towards some optimal level of global complexity, so that all languages would be roughly equally complex, then local complexity trade-offs should be a general principle in language. Drawing evidence from computer simulations I show that in equally complex systems the proportion of trade-offs (significant negative correlations) is higher than in random systems but far from being a general principle in language. In addition, it may be impossible to determine whether a certain correlation-set comes from random systems or equally complex systems. Based on these results a correlational approach on a handful of typological variables cannot be used to validate, or even falsify, the assumption that all languages are equally complex and, therefore, complexity trade-offs should be kept separate from that assumption. The typological distribution of complexity, drawn from the World Atlas of Language Structures, is further shown to differ from both random systems and equally complex systems.
3
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Using a multicriteria interactive approach in scheduling non-critical activities

100%
NOWAK M., TARGIEL K.
Operations Research and Decisions
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2018
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vol. 28
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issue 1
43-56
EN
A typical project consists of many activities. Logical dependencies cause some of them to be critical and some non-critical. While critical activities have a strict start time, in some projects the problem of selecting the start time of a non-critical activity may arise. Usually, it is possible to use the “as soon as possible” or “as late as possible” rules. Sometimes, however, the result of such a decision depends on external factors, e.g., an exchange rate. In this paper, we consider the multi-criteria problem of determining the start time of a non-critical activity. We assume that the earliest start and the latest start times of the activity have been identified using the critical path method, but the project manager is free to select the time when the activity will actually be started. This decision, however, cannot be changed later, as it is associated with the allocation of key resources. The criteria that are usually considered in such a situation are cost and risk. We assume that the cost depends on an exchange rate. We also consider the risks of project delay and a decrease in quality. This paper formulates the selection of the start time for a non-critical activity as a discrete dynamic multicriteria problem. We solve it using an interactive procedure based on the analysis of trade-offs.
4

Summary Paper: ‘Governance and Management of the Nexus: Structures and Institutional Capacities’

88%
Snorek J.
Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems
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2015
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vol. 2
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issue 1
EN
Sustaining the water-energy-food nexus for the future requires new governance approaches and joint management across sectors. The challenges to the implementation of the nexus are many, but not insurmountable. These include trade-offs between sectors, difficulties of communication across the science-policy interface, the emergence of new vulnerabilities resulting from implementation of policies, and the perception of high social and economic costs. In the context of the Sustainability in the W-E-F Nexus conference May 19-20, 2014, the session on ‘Governance and Management of the Nexus: Structures and Institutional Capacities’ discussed these problems as well as tools and solutions to nexus management. The session demonstrated three key findings: 1. Trade-offs in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus should be expanded to include the varied and shifting social and power relations; 2. Sharing knowledge between users and policy makers promotes collective learning and science-policy-stakeholder communication; and 3. Removing subsidies or seeking the ‘right price’ for domestic resources vis à vis international markets is not always useful; rather the first imperative is to gauge current and future costs at the national scale.
5
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Conflicting administrative traditions – a political-economic perspective

51%
Veggeland N.
Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance
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2017
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issue 4(42)
23-37
EN
The term paradigm was introduced to the philosophy of science by Thomas Kuhn – he used this term to denote the specific approach applied by a school of research to examine its subject matter. Using the same paradigm, researchers seek answers to similar questions, and employ similar methods and concepts. In an article published in 2000, the author of this essay introduced the term system paradigm, which focuses on the systems functioning in a society. This study develops the theoretical considerations outlined in that earlier article on the basis of experience of post-socialist transition. The first part compares the socialist and capitalist systems, describing their main characteristics, and concludes that the capitalist system has become established in former socialist countries, except for North Korea and Cuba. The second part analyzes varieties of capitalism within a typology which classifies prevailing forms of politics and government. Three markedly different types are identified: democracy, autocracy, and dictatorship. Huntington wrote about the “third wave” of democratization. This study concludes the third wave has dried up: for the 47 postsocialist countries, only a tenth of the population live in democracies, while autocracy or dictatorship prevails in all other countries in this group. The third part of this essay applies the conceptual and analytical apparatus to Hungary, where capitalism exists, and autocracy is the prevailing politico-governmental form – here we can find important characteristics common to other capitalist countries or other autocracies. This finding is compatible with the observation that there are some less fundamental characteristics unique to Hungary, or “Hungarica”, which differ from the characteristics of all other countries.
PL
Tworzenie polityki społecznej zasadniczo zależy od wyników debaty na temat przyszłości państwa opiekuńczego w Europie. Z polityczno-gospodarczego punktu widzenia proces ten stanowi zmienną zależną zarówno od europejskiej polityki integracyjnej, jak i od krajowych tradycji administracyjnych. Państwa narodowe nie działają jednak w sposób całkowicie suwerenny ani wobec Unii Europejskiej, ani wobec interesariuszy krajowych, wszystkie stoją bowiem w obliczu tzw. trylematu (trilemma) – termin ten sformułował amerykański socjolog Torben Iversen (2005). W prezentowanym artykule nawiązuję do analiz tego autora i omawiam trudne wybory, przed jakimi stoją decydenci na różnych szczeblach administracji w związku z wymuszanymi przez wspomniany trylemat kompromisami. Póki co, dominujące idee nowego zarządzania publicznego współzawodniczą z innymi tradycjami administracyjnymi społeczeństw Europy Zachodniej. Na koniec, odwołując się do przykładu tradycyjnego skandynawskiego modelu państwa opiekuńczego, stwierdzam, że europejskie porozumienie w sprawie wyboru społecznego związane z przezwyciężeniem tego trylematu jest niezbędne, jeżeli mamy uratować znany nam model państwa opiekuńczego.
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