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EN
The aim of study is to explain the link between gender and traffic accidents in Israel. Traffic violations are considered as intentional deviations from practices that are crucial to maintaining safety while driving. These violations are commonly referred to as a significant factor in causing traffic accidents; therefore, when examining the case of traffic accidents it is extremely important to look at factors involved in traffic violations as well. This article serves only to propose the thesis of honour cultures as a significant local factor contributing to traffic accidents, but its resolution is much too wide to be able to baseroad-safety programs upon it. A further development of this idea, on a local basis, will thus be of great help in the field.
PL
The aim of study is to explain the link between gender and traffic accidents in Israel. Traffic violations are considered as intentional deviations from practices that are crucial to maintaining safety while driving. These violations are commonly referred to as a significant factor in causing traffic accidents; therefore, when examining the case of traffic accidents it is extremely important to look at factors involved in traffic violations as well. This article serves only to propose the thesis of honour cultures as a significant local factor contributing to traffic accidents, but its resolution is much too wide to be able to base road-safety programs upon it. A further development of this idea, on a local basis, will thus be of great help in the field.
EN
The safety of road users is one of the most important elements of the functioning of every socie5ty. The data published by the European Commission shows that on roads in the EU in 2017 was 25.3 thousand deaths occuried in road accidents. To reduce the number of road accident victims, threats in this area should be identified and appropriate solutions implemented. The article presents factors in traffic accidents, elements of human mentality which have a significant impact on driving a vehicle, factors influencing a driver’s action in traffic and correlation of the system of safety management including the procedure of risk management. The article presents partial results of international scientific research carried out in Poland, Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. In the survey participated respondents from ten cities. Opinions were obtained from 642 people on the subject of individual personality factors determine the behaviour of vehicle drivers. Furthermore were presented respondents´ answers regarding legal changes relating to the proposal penalties for drivers participating in road traffic under the influence of alcohol and drugs. The article has been prepared within the frames of realizing a research project called „Simulator supporting police officers’ training in the implementation of activities during a road accident” no. DOB-BIO9/06/01/2018, which has received funding from the Polish National Centre for Research and Development.
EN
Introduction: The paper reports the results of the determinations of UMTS EMF distributions in the driver's cab of motor vehicle simulators. The results will serve as the basis for future research on the influence of EMF emitted by mobile phones on driver physiology. Materials and Methods: Two motor vehicle driving simulators were monitored, while an EMF source was placed at the driver's head or on the dashboard of the motor vehicle driving simulator. For every applied configuration, the maximal electric field strength was measured, as were the values at 16 points corresponding to chosen locations on a driver's or passenger's body. Results: When the power was set for the maximum (49 mW), a value of 27 V/m was measured in the vicinity of the driver's head when the phone was close to the head. With the same power, when the phone was placed on the dashboard, the measured maximum was 15.2 V/m in the vicinity of the driver's foot. Similar results were obtained for the passenger. Significant perturbations in EMF distribution and an increase in electric field strength values in the motor vehicle driving simulator were also observed in comparison to free space measurements, and the electric field strength was up to 3 times higher inside the simulator. Conclusions: This study can act as the basis of future studies concerning the influence of the EMF emitted by mobile phones on the physiology of the driver. Additionally, the authors postulate that it is advisable to keep mobile phones at a distance from the head, i.e. use, whenever possible, hands-free kits to reduce EMF exposure, both for drivers and passengers.
EN
It is estimated that sleep-related traffic accidents represent 20 % of all crashes and 25 % of all those with fatal consequences (Engleman & Douglas, 2005; Jackson et al., 2011). There are several risk factors increasing the likelihood of fatigue driving such as driving under monotonous conditions (especially after night shift), lack of sleep or poor sleep, or driving under the influence of certain addictive substances, such as alcohol or drugs. An important factor in determining driver sleepiness is a circadian rhythm, which affects changes in mental and physical performance throughout the day. Therefore, the connection between performance level in a particular time of the day and traffic accident frequency becomes the subject of research. For purpose of this study, the curve of expected human performance (by Kohoutek & Štěpaník, 2000) was used to compare the levels of alertness and the number of traffic accidents in particular times of the day. The aim of this study was to analyse vulnerable times of the day related to traffic accident frequency, based on results from In-depth Accident Analysis in South Moravian Region. Another objective was to determine the extent of correspondence between identified vulnerable times of the day related to traffic accident frequency and the performance curve, describing the expected levels in human performance during the day. Different groups of drivers in terms of sociodemographic factors (gender, age) and driving experience were compared. Data were collected over the project Czech In-depth Accident Study via interviewing road traffic accident participants directly after the accident by a psychologist. The research sample consisted of 213 drivers (149 males and 64 females) who have caused the accident due to their inattention and were assumed to have an average level of vigilance at the time of accident. The data were processed by the statistical software SPSS. A traffic accident frequency curve showed a similar trend as the curve of expected human performance level in the time between 9:00–18:00, where a negative correlation was found (9.00 to 12.00, rp = - 0.76, 12.00 to 15.00, rp = - 0.85, 15.00 - 18.00, rp = - 0.91). For all ages, the most vulnerable time of the day, where traffic accidents happen in a connection with a lower level of expected performance capacity, proved to be time between 15:00–16:00. The least amount of traffic accidents occurred between 10:00–11:00, which represents the time with a higher expected performance level. The increased accident frequency in the early morning hours may be explained by the decrease in drivers´ alertness after waking up. The conclusions of this study partially support results of previous research and the reliability of expected performance level curve during the day (by Kohoutek & Štěpaník, 2000) in a relation to driving. It opens new areas in the field of driver education, how to lead drivers to be more sensitive to their mental and bodily limits, particularly in a connection to their attention level.
PL
Celem pracy było przeprowadzenie badań opóźnienia hamowania tramwaju 120 NaG firmy PESA Bydgoszcz SA zgodnie z Rozporządzeniem Ministra Infrastruktury z dnia 2 marca 2011 r. w sprawie warunków technicznych tramwajów i trolejbusów oraz zakresu ich niezbędnego wyposażenia na torach suchych oraz dla potrzeb rekonstrukcji przebiegu zdarzeń drogowych na torach mokrych. Dokonano analizy uzyskanych wyników badań za pomocą opóźnieniomierza firmy ZEPWN typu CL 170 oraz opóźnieniomierza MOTOMETER, typ Prüf Nr 04, a także z rejestratora ATM badanego tramwaju 120 NaG. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, iż uzyskane wyniki pomiarów były wyższe niż minimalne wartości zadane w rozporządzeniu. Dla przeprowadzonych badań opóźnienia hamowania nagłego tramwaju na torach mokrych dla opóźnieniomierza MOTOMETER, typ Prüf Nr 04 uzyskano średnią wartość opóźnienia hamowania 3,5 m/s2, natomiast dla opóźnieniomierza ZEPWN CL 170 uzyskano średnią wartość opóźnienia hamowania 3,1 m/s2. Badany tramwaj 120 NaG przy zadanym hamowaniu nagłym na torach mokrych uzyskał wartości średniego opóźnienia hamowania większe niż zadane obowiązującymi przepisami na torach suchych. Dla trybu hamowania nagłego na torach mokrych przy zadanej prędkości początkowej 30 km/h średnie opóźnienie hamowania dla hamowania nagłego inicjowanego z nastawnika jazdy na torach mokrych zarejestrowane przez rejestrator danych ATM wyniosło około 4,5 m/s2. Ponadto stwierdzono, iż po zainicjowaniu hamowania nagłego jako pierwszy z układów hamulcowych badanego tramwaju rozpoczyna swoje działanie magnetyczny hamulec szynowy. Można wnioskować, iż czas narastania opóźnienia hamowania tego układu nie jest większy niż 0,1 s.
EN
The aim of this study was to conduct studies of braking deceleration of 120 NaG tram (PESA Bydgoszcz SA) in line with the Decree of the Minister of Infrastructure of 2 March 2011 on technical conditions of trams and trolley buses and the level they are equipped when driving on dry track and for reconstruction of incidents on wet track. The analysis of obtained results with ZEPWN CL 170, MOTOMETER type Prüf No. 04 decelerometers as well as ATM recorder of examined 120 NaG tram was conducted. The outcome of the study demonstrated that measurement values exceeded the minimum values set out in the Decree. In the analysis of emergency braking on wet track for MOTOMETER Type Prüf No. 04 decelerator, the average value of 3.5 m/s2 deceleration was obtained, whereas for ZEPWN CL 170 decelerator - an average value of 3.1 m/s2. 120 NaG tram when tested for emergency braking on wet tracks, obtained an average deceleration of a higher value than the one envisaged for dry track in the Decree. For emergency braking mode on wet tracks with initial speed of 30 km/h, the average deceleration for emergency braking on wet track, initiated by drive controller and recorded by data logger ATM amounted to approx. 4.5 m/s2. Furthermore it was concluded that after initiating emergency braking, a magnetic track brake is activated as the first one. It can be concluded that the time of increased braking deceleration is not higher than 0.1 s
EN
Books and papers have been reviewed to find out which changes typical for old people are influencing the way they are taking part in traffic and results of the autopsies performed in the Forensic Medicine Department, Medical University, Wrocław, Poland in the years 2008–2009 have been analyzed to choose the cases of people of the age 60 years and above, that died because of traffic accidents. Old people constitute a special group of traffic participants, because with ageing processes in the human organism and resulting organ changes, there is an increased risk of incurring injuries or dying because of traffic accidents, the complications of the trauma related to traffic accidents are more common and grave. They do not take into account the psychophysical fitness limitations connected with the age and often play also the very demanding role of the drivers and bikers. It is also depictured in the analyzed autopsy results. The results of the study suggest the need to consider a possibility of introducing in Poland a periodic verification of older people abilities to drive vehicles in public roads.
PL
Dokonano przeglądu literatury i piśmiennictwa w celu identyfikacji cech osób w wieku starszym mających wpływ na sposób ich uczestniczenia w ruchu drogowym oraz przeanalizowano materiał sekcyjny Zakładu Medycyny Sądowej Akademii Medycznej we Wrocławiu z okresu lat 2008–2009 i wybrano przypadki osób powyżej 60 r.ż. zmarłych w związku z wypadkami komunikacyjnymi. Osoby w podeszłym wieku stanowią specyficzną grupę uczestników ruchu drogowego, ponieważ z uwagi na procesy starzenia się zachodzące w organizmie i związane z tym m.in. zmiany narządowe zwiększa się u nich zarówno ryzyko odniesienia obrażeń lub zgonu w wyniku wypadków w ruchu drogowym, jak również częstsze i cięższe są u nich skutki zdrowotne obrażeń związanych z wypadkami komunikacyjnymi. Mimo ograniczeń psychofizycznych związanych z wiekiem często biorą oni udział w ruchu drogowym także w wymagającej roli kierowców rowerów i pojazdów mechanicznych. Powyższe znajduje odzwierciedlenie w wynikach analizowanych sądowo-lekarskich sekcji zwłok. Wynik badania nasuwa pytanie o potrzebę ewentualnego wprowadzenia w Polsce okresowej weryfikacji zdolności osób starszych do uczestniczenia w ruchu drogowym w charakterze kierujących pojazdami.
EN
Artistic activity may help people with disabilities caused by traffic accidents realize themselves socially. Most often, such persons practice writing poetry, short stories and autobiographical novels. Poetry allows one to express their emotions associated with such questions as suffering, pain, the sense of life, disability, illness and God. Poetry of people with disabilities often has a religious and multifaceted character and, therefore, it plays a therapeutic role. In consequence, people become capable of accepting their disability.
PL
Osoby niepełnosprawne po wypadkach komunikacyjnych realizować się mogą społecznie poprzez aktywność artystyczną. Najczęściej osoby te realizują się poprzez pisanie wierszy, opowiadań czy autobiograficznych powieści. Wiersz pozwala na wyrażanie własnych emocji o swoich uczuciach, cierpieniu, bólu, sensu życia, niepełnosprawności, choroby i Bogu. Często poezja osób niepełnosprawnych ma charakter religijny, a także wielowątkowy, przez co spełnia rolę terapeutyczną dla tych osób, dzięki czemu następuje z czasem akceptacja własnej niepełnosprawności.
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EN
This article is focused on two possibilities of perception of transport safety and transport systems. It describes basic characteristics and elements of road safety in the Czech Republic, and differences of safety in rail transport are also remembered. The article discusses traffic accidents as an indicator of road safety. The paper is created with examples of selection and processing of data transport systems, for road and rail transport of the Czech Republic.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono problem oceny bezpieczeństwa przejść dla pieszych, m.in. na przykładach działań podejmowanych w Norwegii, Australii i we Włoszech. W przypadku Oslo w oparciu o raport „T0I Report 1231/2012" przedstawiono ramy oceny bezpieczeństwa przejść dla pieszych i wyniki pokontrolne. Natomiast w przypadku Australii przedstawiono podstawy metody oceny bezpieczeństwa przejść dla pieszych stworzonej na jednym z tamtejszych uniwersytetów, Monash University, która jak podkreślają jej autorzy w wielu płaszczyznach wymaga dopracowania. Podane w artykule przykłady wskazują na istotny problem w tworzeniu metod oceny bezpieczeństwa niechronionych uczestników ruchu drogowego i ich zastosowań aplikacyjnych w programach ramowych wdrażanych w dużych aglomeracjach miejskich. Pomimo wskazanych trudności niewątpliwie występuje możliwość stworzenia obiektywnej metody oceny bezpieczeństwa pieszych, co może być przedmiotem opracowań naukowych.
EN
This article presents an issue of the assessment of pedestrian crosswalks safety, based on the example of actions undertaken in Norway and Australia. In Oslo, the criteria for safety assessment on pedestrian crossings and the audit results were presented in theT0l Report 1231/2012. In Australia, a draft methodology for pedestrian crosswalks safety assessment, which, according to the authors, needs an improvement at multiple levels, has been developed at Monash University. The examples presented in the article indicate a significant problem with the elaboration of safety assessment methods of unprotected pedestrians and their applications within the framework programs implemented in large urban agglomerations. Despite the difficulties mentioned above, there are undeniably some possibilities regarding the elaboration of an objective pedestrian safety assessment method, which may be the subject to scientific studies.
PL
Bezpieczeństwo publiczne i drogowe w miejscu zamieszkania stanowi jedno z najważniejszych uwarunkowań jakości życia ludzi, a ochrona bezpieczeństwa jest jednym z najważniejszych zadań państwa oraz władz powiatowych, gminnych i miast. Celem opracowania było przedstawienie zróżnicowania bezpieczeństwa publicznego i drogowego jako wyznacznika jakości życia mieszkańców miast wojewódzkich w Polsce. Jako podstawowe wskaźniki służące do oceny poziomu bezpieczeństwa życia w miejscu zamieszkania użyto między innymi liczbę przestępstw przypadających na 10 tys. mieszkańców miasta, w szczególności przestępstw o charakterze kryminalnym, gospodarczym i drogowym. Jako wskaźniki służące do oceny poziomu bezpieczeństwa drogowego przyjęto liczbę wypadków drogowych, liczbę rannych i zabitych osób w wypadkach oraz liczbę kolizji drogowych. Na podstawie przyjętych do analizy wskaźników sporządzono ranking miast o najwyższym i najniższym poziomie bezpieczeństwa publicznego i drogowego w Polsce. Zróżnicowanie poziomu bezpieczeństwa w polskich miastach wojewódzkich jest wyso-kie. W ostatnich latach liczba przestępstw ogółem w miastach wojewódzkich utrzymuje się na podobnym poziomie, przy czym jest największa w Katowicach, we Wrocławiu, w Zielonej Górze i w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, a najmniejsza w Białymstoku i w Rzeszowie. Liczba wypadków i kolizji drogowych w ostatnich latach zmniejszyła się, jednak w dalszym ciągu jest relatywnie wysoka i istotnie zróżnicowana. W 2014 r. najwięcej wypadków drogowych przypadło na mieszkańca Łodzi i Rzeszowa, a najmniej Torunia, Bydgoszczy, Poznania i Gorzowa Wielkopolskiego.
EN
Public and road safety in the place of residence is one of the most important determinants of quality of life. Protection of the safety is one of the most important tasks of the state and county, municipal and city authorities. The aim of the study was to show the diversity of public and road safety as an indicator of the quality of life for residents of provincial cities in Poland. As the basic indicators to assess the level of safety of life at the residence was used, inter alia, the number of crimes per 10 thousand. residents of the city, in particular criminal, economic and traffic offenses. As indicators to assess the level of road safety takes into account the number of road accidents, the number of wounded and killed people in accidents and the number of road traffic collisions. On the basis of the analyzed indicators were prepared ranking of cities with the highest and lowest level of public safety and road in Poland. Different levels of safety in the Polish provincial cities is high. In recent years, the total number of crimes in provincial cities remained at the same level, and is the largest Katowice, Wrocław, Zielona Góra and Gorzów Wielkopolski and the smallest in Białystok and Rzeszów. The number of road accidents and collisions in recent years has decreased but is still in a relatively high, and varies considerably. In 2014 years accounted for most traffic accidents per capita Łódź and Rzeszów, and the least per capita Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poznań and Gorzów Wielkopolski.
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