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Sharing Economy – a Challenge of the 21st Century?

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EN
The objective of the study is to point out the growing importance of sharing economy within the current discussion about the development of advanced economies after the economic crisis between 2008-2009. The study focuses on determining the growing importance of sharing economy in the context of GDP, growth factors of sharing economy in current conditions, and social benefit function of sharing economy. The study also focuses on other sharing economy challenges of the 21st century that are connected to the overall change in human behavior, growth of importance of modern technologies for everyone, trying to lower transaction costs, and increasing the quality of life of all households. The study’s conclusion aims at summarizing the importance of sharing economy for modern society in advanced economies.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of dynamic development of the concept of distribution of products and services based on a multi-level marketing model. Involvement in a scientific discussion on changes in the economy that testify to the reevaluation of determinants of economic decisions in organizations and may form the basis of new paradigms of the new institutional economy. Paradigms in which not only the scale of transaction costs is important, but also the fact that they can be located inside the organization. The article shows that this approach leads to a situation in which transaction costs may be somehow the company’s assets. All this takes place as a consequence of the revaluation of the determinants of transactions that are heading towards the so-called soft factors connected, for example, with the phenomenon of trust in the organization, networking of entities, the phenomenon of prosumption and the win-win strategy, understood more broadly than just satisfying the needs of the consumer technically related to the features of the product or service.
EN
The concept of corporate social responsibility is not well established in economics. It has been analysed in equal measure from two perspectives – economics and management science. The theoretical foundations of the concept of CSR can be traced to the concept of institutional economics, particularly transaction cost theory. This article attempts to locate the concept of corporate social responsibility in the framework of institutional economics.
EN
The aim of this paper is to fill the cognitive gap regarding the role of sanctions in the protection of a creditor’s property rights in the event of an entrepreneur insolvency. The impact of sanctions on transaction costs, including their identification and types, as well as the impact on the protection of creditor rights, has been poorly recognized in the subject literature to date. This article investigates the theory of transaction costs and property rights by providing an identification and description of formal negative sanctions, as well as their impact on counteracting the appropriation of creditors’ rights in bankruptcy proceedings. These studies are part of the discussion on the role of formalized negative sanctions, in terms of enforcing behaviours expected by the legislator.
EN
The theory of transaction costs constitutes an important component of the new institutional economy, which, amongst others, explains to a great extent business relations between the suppliers and the clients as part of outsourcing. The aim of this article is to present the results of research concerning the transaction cost theory analysed on the example of IT implementation projects consisting in the implementation of standard ERP, CRM, DMS and BI-class management support systems amongst enterprises based in Poland as part of outsourcing. The article presents both the client’s and the supplier’s perspective. The research results can be interesting for theorists of business informatics and for practitioners implementing IT projects both in enterprises and government agencies with the use of outsourcing.
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In this article, the importance of physical infrastructure for reducing transaction costs and the use of transaction cost economics for analysing logistic chains is discussed. Transaction cost analysis facilitates the identification of frictions in the logistic chain, which is not only useful for improving its efficiency, but also to manage potential crises in these logistic chains.
EN
The paper aims to identify the transaction costs of the tax system and show that these costs can be used as an additional criterion of tax system assessment. The author uses an institutional analysis method and hypothesizes that the transaction costs of a tax system are not homogenous and that they include both indispensable and undesirable expenses. The former are required for the operation of institutions, while the latter result from political decisions that seek to use taxes for non-fiscal purposes; such decisions stem from the poor quality and unreliability of state institutions, the author says. Any form of state aid requires additional efforts from fiscal and supervisory authorities and adjustment from taxpayers, Zbroińska says. Zbroińska examines the budgetary effects of tax breaks as an indirect measure of the tax system’s transaction costs. The analysis of empirical data-finance ministry statistics on 2007 income tax returns-shows that the greatest transaction costs are related to the constantly expanding tax breaks for corporate bodies and controversial exemptions for individuals, the author says.
EN
The subject of the research is the implementation of human resources management activities in organizations of the Republic of Belarus. The objective of the research is the establishment of the need of improvement of human resources management activities in organizations of the Republic of Belarus on the basis of assessment of personnel risks and the potential of personnel department at the present stage. To implement this goal algorithm of diagnostics of personnel risks and of evaluation of transaction costs of employer was developed and tested in five organizations of Vitebsk region of the Republic of Belarus. The algorithm made it possible to estimate in value terms the cost of human resources management activities of organizations of the Republic of Belarus. To assess the potential of personnel departments of organizations of the Republic of Belarus a questionnaire survey of managers and employees of personnel departments of organizations of Vitebsk region (the aggregate sample consists of 87 organizations) was conducted. The results of the research and the proposed analytical tools can be used in organizations to support adoption of administrative decisions in the field of HR management. The conducted research enabled to formulate a number of recommendations to improve the implementation of human resources management activities in domestic organizations: improving the regulatory framework of human resources management activities in organizations of the Republic of Belarus by updating Standard provision on personnel department of the enterprise (organization) and the revision of Interindustry standards of number of employees of personnel departments of commercial organizations; optimization of official structure of employees of personnel department of organizations of the Republic of Belarus; increasing of vocational level of employees of personnel department; development of methodical approach to management of personnel risks in the organization; using in personnel work specialized software products in the field of HR management; close cooperation of educational institutions and organizations.
EN
The activity of the copyright collecting societies had been scrutinized by many antitrust authorities. The paper presents the decision taken by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK), which deals with abusing practices of Polish copyright collective society – ZAiKS. The paper concentrates on the economic aspects of the decision from the President of UOKiK.
EN
The present article discusses economic issues related to the design of optimal regulatory contracts on the example of the urban public transport industry. It highlights the importance of the design of efficient regulatory contracts in the context of changes facing the urban transportation industry in the European Union. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the main issues put forward in economic literature related to the design of regulatory contracts. It discusses several problems relevant in this context such as informational asymmetries, transaction costs, and regulatory capture. It also comments on a selection of views presented in economic literature dealing with these issues. Finally, the article presents the regulatory framework, contractual practices and characteristics of the French urban public transport industry. France is well known for its long standing tradition of contracting between the State and the private sector in transportation. The analysis of the French example may help to prove useful insights in this regard.
FR
Cet article s’intéresse à la question de la conception de contrats réglementaires optimaux d’un point de vue économique dans le cadre du transport public urbain. Il met en évidence le fait qu’il est important de concevoir des contrats réglementaires efficaces dans le contexte des changements qui ont lieu actuellement dans le secteur du transport urbain dans l'Union Européenne. En outre, l’article fourni un aperçu des principales questions mises en avant dans la littérature économique liée à la conception des contrats réglementaires. Il discute des problèmes qui peuvent survenir dans ce contexte, telles que les asymétries d'information, les coûts de transaction, et la capture réglementaire. Il présente et critique également des arguments avancés dans la littérature économique qui traite ces questions. Enfin, l'article présente le cadre réglementaire, les pratiques contractuelles et les caractéristiques de l'industrie du transport public urbain en France. La France est bien connue pour sa tradition de relations contractuelles entre l'Etat et le secteur privé dans le secteur du transport. L'exemple du transport public urbain en France peut fournir des renseignements utiles à cet égard.
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PL
Rynek nieruchomości jest w Polsce w fazie rozwojowej. Procesy, które się na nim dokonują wymagają opisów i analiz, które pomogą zarówno podmiotom na nim działającym, jak i wszystkim zainteresowanym na zrozumienie mechanizmów i czynników je kształtujących. Dobrym sposobem na zrozumienie różnych procesów rynkowych jest sięgnięcie do koncepcji dających podstawy teoretyczne do badań empirycznych. Nowa ekonomia instytucjonalna i wchodząca w jej skład teoria kosztów transakcyjnych pozwala uzupełnić niedostatki neoklasycznej ekonomii o nowe, ciekawy spojrzenie na procesy rynkowe. Dotyczy to również rynku nieruchomości, który może być analizowany z punktu widzenia tej teorii. Na przykładzie relacji nabywca – pośrednik zaprezentowano wybrane aspekty, które można analizować z punktu widzenia świata kontraktów stanowiących podstawę teorii kosztów transakcyjnych.
EN
The market of the property is in the developmental phase in Poland. Processes which are taking place on it require descriptions and analyses which will help for subjects on it acting as well as interested for all to understanding mechanisms and factors shaping them. Referring to conceptions giving theoretical bases is with the good way to understand different market processes to empirical examinations. New institutional economics and the theory fitting into her composition of transaction costs permit to supplement of neoclassical economics for new, onlooker looking at market processes. It also concerns seeing the market of the fixed property which can be analysed immediately for this theory. On the example of the relation purchaser - intermediary chosen aspects which it is possible to analyse were presented from a point of view of world of contracts being fundamental to the theory of transaction costs.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie kosztów transakcyjnych systemu wspierania zatrudnienia osób z niepełnosprawnościami w Polsce oraz przegląd kategorii instytucji kontraktu i kosztów transakcyjnych stosowanych w ramach nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej, szczególnie zaś ekonomii kosztów transakcyjnych. Postawiono tezę, iż zasadniczą funkcją kontraktu jest ograniczenie kosztów transakcji, a tym samym umożliwienie maksymalnej oszczędności w zakresie wydatków państwa na rehabilitację zawodową i wspieranie zatrudnienia osób z niepełnosprawnościami. W artykule wykorzystano literaturę z tego zakresu oraz dostępne dane finansowe i statystyczne Ministerstwa Finansów oraz Państwowego Funduszu Rehabilitacji Osób Niepełnosprawnych (PFRON).
EN
The aim of this article is to identify the transaction cost of the systems supporting the employment of people with disabilities in Poland and the review of the categories of contract institutions and transaction costs used in the new institutional economics, especially the economics of transaction costs. A thesis was formulated that the main function of the contract is to reduce transaction costs, thus enabling maximum savings in state spending on vocational rehabilitation and support for employment of people with disabilities. The article uses the literature in this area and the available financial and statistical data of the Ministry of Finance and the State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons (PFRON).
PL
Koszty transakcji są jednym najważniejszych czynników, które należy uwzględnić w analizie inwestycji na rynku finansowym. Artykuł wskazuje źródła kosztów transakcyjnych, podaje oszacowania wartości prowizji maklerskich i spreadu na rynku polskim, zajmuje się również wpływem dużych transakcji na ceny handlowanych walorów. Szczególną uwaga pracy skupiona jest na spreadzie cen kupna i sprzedaży. Zaprezentowane są wyniki świadczące o tym, że występująca na rynku rozpiętość cen kupna i sprzedaży może być w praktyce istotnym problem dla inwestorów. Artykuł zawiera również szczegółowy opis i numeryczny przykład zastosowania zaproponowanej przez S. A. Corwina i P. Schultza, nowej metody szacowania spreadu na podstawie łatwo dostępnych danych giełdowych.
EN
The article provides a description of the sources of the transaction costs associated with trading stocks. Practical aspects of these costs, such as the size and the functional form is considered. Moreover, the article contains the detailed study and the numerical application of the recently proposed by S. A. Corwin and P. Schultz low-frequency estimator of the bid-ask spread.
EN
Information and communication technologies (ICT) initiates new structures of cooperation, among others the virtual organization. This organization is increasingly considered as a high effective economic solution. In the paper the New Institutional Economics, in particular theory of transaction costs economics assumptions were used to explain the nature of virtual organization creation and its cost reduction.
PL
Najnowsze technologie informacyjno-komunikacyjne (ICT) inicjują nowe struktury współdziałania, między innymi organizację wirtualną. Wirtualna organizacja działań coraz częściej postrzegana jest jako rozwiązanie organizacyjne pozwalające uzyskać wyższe poziomy efektywności. W pracy wykorzystano założenia ekonomii neoinstytucjonalnej, w szczególności teorii kosztów transakcyjnych (TKT), dla wyjaśnienia procesu kreowania organizacji wirtualnej i redukcji kosztów jej funkcjonowania.
EN
The paper looks at the changes that have taken place in the way researchers examine the influence of taxes on economic growth and competitiveness, both in Poland and elsewhere. These changes have primarily involved a broader look at this issue over the past decade or so, the author says. For decades in the past, researchers focused on analyzing the direct influence of taxes on economic growth. With time, they expanded their approach to include various aspects of taxation and types of taxes. They began to separately examine the impact of personal income tax, corporate income tax and indirect taxes, looking at their average, minimum and maximum effects through the lens of supply-side economics. Supply-side economics is an economic theory that states that a reduction in taxes stimulates the economy enough to recoup the lost revenue. Today those researching the impact of taxes on economic growth and competitiveness increasingly acknowledge that the influence of taxes on an economy depends on the context in which tax policy is pursued, Wnorowski says. This particularly applies to institutional conditions in which taxes are levied and modified. Of special importance are any legislative difficulties or limitations encountered by tax policymakers, the overall thrust of government policy, and the efficiency of authorities responsible for the enforcement of tax regulations and laws, according to the author. Wnorowski analyzes research reports on the subject and he also takes a look at expert studies by international institutions such as the World Bank and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Such studies have abounded in the last few years, highlighting the role of various institutional factors, according to Wnorowski. When analyzed collectively, institutional factors make it possible to better understand the relationship between taxes and economic growth as well as changes in the level of competitiveness. Overall, an institutional economic approach is now increasingly common in research into the influence of taxes on economic growth, the author says.
EN
The article raises the issue of social capital in the context of building a knowledge-based economy. Globalization, the increasing mobility of factors of production and the development of information technology have all led companies towards a stronger competitive struggle. Competing with factors of production of material nature has become insufficient. Therefore, the interest of economists is now focusing on the role of informal institutions in the process of economic growth. The growth of the designations of social capital such as trust, norms and values, collaboration and relationship building, affects the ease of information flow, creation and transfer of knowledge - all of which translate into a reduction of transaction costs, increased innovativeness and competitiveness. The purpose of this article is to present the importance of social capital in the process of building a knowledge-based economy, and above all, the growth of innovativeness and entrepreneurship on the example of Poland. The study contains a review of literature sources which deal with the role of informal institutions in the fundamental aspects of knowledge economy, and thus, the value of companies, their intellectual capital, ease of business transactions, and above all, innovativeness. The last factor is presented on the canvas of current empirical data derived from institutions analyzing the level of Polish innovativeness. In addition, the article presents the results of empirical research on cross-organizational collaboration of selected companies of the food sector in Greater Poland and the importance of social capital in achieving competitive advantage in the international arena.
EN
This paper discusses the question of regulation in the area of property rights that limit the transaction costs associated with real estate development externalities. Regulations in the field of civil and administrative law, even if essentially fulfilling the same role in resolving potential conflicts between the owners of real estate located in the same area, involve different approaches and legal tools. The civil law limits the scope of claims available due to local conditions on case-by-case basis, the nature of the nuisance and its intensity. However, the regulations of administrative law restrict ownership of the property in terms of its development, in particular through regulations on spatial planning and development. Transaction costs related to the internalization of externalities of property management vary depending on what procedure this management occurs. In administrative law the costs include expenses associated with the adoption of the local development plan and the implementation of its provisions, and issuing decisions on individual zoning and land use. Transaction costs in civil law, however, cover due evidence in a complicated procedure for determining whether and to what extent there has been a violation of property. At high transaction costs − both in terms of Kaldor-Hicks, and Carl J. Dahlman – the adoption of appropriate solutions in the field of administrative law is more effective. The intervention of the civil law is, however, possible and effective when transaction costs have already been reduced by the application of administrative rules.
EN
The IT revolution, the Internet has overturned the barrier of time and space, and thus enabled communication in real time with the whole world. At the same time, the globalization process by opening the markets has shown great differences in costs, taxes, exchange rates, or salaries. The relations between the price of orders on the market, and hence transaction costs, and the costs of anthropological activities in the enterprise, which are increasingly higher, has changed. The aim of the article is to analyze the changes that have occurred in the global economy (including the development of corporations) and their impact on the operating costs of Polish enterprises. The author proposes to create “smart companies” as a public innovation. State support would favour the emergence of such enterprises and would be a strong catalyst for the entire economy.
PL
Rewolucja informatyczna obaliła barierę czasu i przestrzeni, a więc umożliwiła porozumiewanie się w czasie rzeczywistym z całym światem. Jednocześnie, proces globalizacji otwierając rynki pokazał wielkie różnice kosztów, podatków, kursów walut, płac. Zmieniła się relacja pomiędzy ceną zleceń na rynku, a więc kosztami transakcyjnymi a kosztami antologicznych działań w tradycyjnym przedsiębiorstwie, które coraz częściej są wyższe. Celem artykułu jest analiza zmian, jakie dokonały się w gospodarce światowej (w tym rozwój korporacji) i ich wpływu na koszty funkcjonowania polskich przedsiębiorstw. Autor proponuje tworzenie „inteligentnych firm” jako innowacji publicznej.
EN
Traditional concepts of enterprise competitiveness focus on the basic market factors of competitiveness, but it is worth looking for competitive advantages in various areas, also in the institutional area. The aim of the article is therefore to indicate the role of optimising transaction costs in increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. The analysis carried out shows that shaping transaction costs affects the effectiveness of cost strategies and differentiation strategies. An enterprise seeking to increase its competitiveness by optimising its transaction costs can: separate certain activities from the enterprise and outsource them to other companies, build a network of relationships, and develop its knowledge and experience. In order to improve competitiveness, it is important to be aware of the existence of transaction costs, their formation, to know the factors determining their value, to know the relationship with the risks involved, etc. In practice, low awareness of transaction costs hinders effective analysis, although enterprises can intuitively take some actions in this regard. Better opportunities to optimise costs arise when they are consciously and thoughtfully shaped to increase competitiveness.
PL
Tradycyjne koncepcje konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstwa koncentrują się na podstawowych rynkowych czynnikach konkurencyjności, warto jednak szukać przewag konkurencyjnych w różnych obszarach, w tym w obszarze instytucjonalnym. Celem artykułu jest więc wskazanie roli optymalizacji kosztów transakcyjnych w zwiększaniu konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw. Przeprowadzona analiza pokazuje, że kształtowanie kosztów transakcyjnych wpływa na skuteczność strategii kosztowych i strategii wyróżniania. Przedsiębiorstwa dążąc do podnoszenia konkurencyjności dzięki optymalizacji swoich kosztów transakcyjnych mogą: wydzielać pewne czynności z przedsiębiorstwa i zlecać je innym firmom, budować sieć relacji oraz rozwijać swoje zasoby wiedzy i doświadczenia. Dla poprawy konkurencyjności ważne jest posiadanie świadomości istnienia kosztów transakcyjnych, ich kształtowania, znajomości czynników determinujących ich wartość, wiedzy na temat związku z ponoszonym ryzykiem itp. W praktyce niska świadomość kosztów transakcyjnych utrudnia skuteczną analizę, choć przedsiębiorstwa mogą intuicyjnie podejmować pewne działania w tym zakresie. Lepsze możliwości optymalizacji kosztów pojawiają się przy ich świadomym i przemyślanym kształtowaniu w celu podnoszenia konkurencyjności.
EN
This article examines the role of trust in decision-making processes, which involves major interest groups, representing the world of work and business. This process is often referred to as the concept of social dialogue, which is generally defined as all forms of negotiation and consultation between the trade unions and employers and the state. In this formula, dialogue can be regarded as a mechanism of public policy making. The first part of the article is a short presentation of links between social dialogue and public policies. The second part addresses the issue of trust, which is a prerequisite for high quality and effective social dialogue. The quality and effectiveness of dialogue are correlated with the price, which participants have to pay for taking part in the dialogue and its outcomes. This is an issue of transaction costs, which are determined by “trust capital”. The third part examines contribution of trust to the cost effect of social dialogue. The study concludes with a presentation of the research, conducted among trade unionists and employers who have, inter alia, assessed the role of trust in dialogue.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą analizy i oceny roli zaufania w procesach decyzyjnych podejmowanych w trakcie przetargu pomiędzy grupami interesu, reprezentującymi świat pracy i biznesu. Przetarg ten często określany jest dialogiem społecznym, który na ogół definiuje się jako wszelkie formy negocjacji i konsultacji pomiędzy związkami zawodowymi i pracodawcami oraz państwem. W tej formule dialog można traktować jako narzędzie prowadzenia polityki publicznej. Pierwsza część artykułu jest krótką prezentacją związków dialogu społecznego z polityką publiczną. W części drugiej poruszony został problem zaufania, które jest warunkiem koniecznym dla wysokiej jakości i skuteczności prowadzenia dialogu społecznego. Owa jakość i skuteczność dialogu wiążą się z ceną, jaką uczestnicy muszą zapłacić za udział w dialogu i jego efekty. Mówimy w tym wypadku o kosztach transakcyjnych. Z rozważań w części trzeciej wynika, że zaufanie w istotny sposób przyczynia się do obniżania tych kosztów. Opracowanie kończy się prezentacją wyników badań prowadzonych wśród związkowców i pracodawców, których celem była, między innymi, ocena roli zaufania w dialogu.
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