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EN
The following article discusses the translation problems of a specific kind of lexical units, the phytonyms, which have been defined as the names given to various plants. The main concern are the translation possibilities of phytonyms in the German novel „Der Schrecksenmeister“ and its Polish rendition. The author conceives phytonyms as cultural units. The reason for such conception is inspired by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress in Melbourne, which established a unified International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. In a non-literary context phytonyms have typically two different functions: they identify an object among other, similar objects and they play a semantic role, which is connected to the so-called semantic motivation (the term used by Prof. Pawłowski, see: Pawłowski 1974) and gives the information about some features of an object. In a literary context the functions of phytonyms are multiplied. Besides the two above-mentioned functions they can be used as allusions and play a connotative role, i.e. they evoke some associations, which influence the perception of the intentional objects in a literary text. According to their connotative role phytonyms can evoke associations concerning the form of a plant, its features, colour, smell and place of occurrence. Phytonyms can also create an illusion that the story of a literary text took place in the real world. The selection of an adequate translation technique to translate phytonyms depends on, on the one hand, an accurate interpretation of the source text, and on the other hand, on an accurate identification of function, which the phytonym has in the source text, and must be adapted to the requirements of translation invariance.
EN
The paper is devoted to selected issues related to the strategies and procedures used in the translation process. It considers the description of the selected classification, i.e. the typology of translation techniques according to Ulrich Kautz, illustrated by numerous examples. The considerations include an evaluation by bachelor students of the Department of German Studies at the University of Rzeszów, concerning the identification/ selection/ application/ verification of translation strategies and techniques in the practical training of translation efficiency and mastering new vocabulary in a given subject area.
EN
The author discusses some linguistic problems in translation of humorous segments within the computer game Deponia into Polish. The main goal of his article is to define some effective translation techniques and strategies, which can be helpful in the translation process.
EN
The following article discusses the translation problems of a specific kind of so-called beastionyms, which are a part of the group of hyperphysionyms defined by Friedhelm Debus and have been characterised as the names given to different science-fiction and fantasy creatures. The main concern are the translation possibilities of personified beastionyms which appear in the story written by Andrzej Sapkowski and its German rendition.
EN
Turning to good account the translating practice and the techniques which have been applied so far, the comparative analysis in translation highlights the similar or different aspects when rewriting the original. Both translations submitted to attention reflect linguistic knowledge, social and cultural awareness besides personal perspective, talent and intuitive grasp of the literary text. In order to acquire the accurately reflected (i.e. translated) image of E. Allan Poe’s ‘House of Usher’, the translator should analyse several other reflections (i.e. steps) which help him or her obtain the most faithful resemblance (i.e. translation) to the original. Two remarkable Romanian translators – Ion Vinea and Liviu Cotrău – have already beaten this devious path.
EN
The following article discusses some problems in the translation of the German comic book “Der Fönig” into Polish. The main concern is to define the semantic dominant of the source text correctly and to find any adequate translation possibilities of language phenomena, which could contribute to problems in the translator’s work. As the source text has not been translated into Polish yet, the author presents his own translation proposals of two problematic fragments of the German original.
EN
Culture-specific items cause many translation problems and therefore they often pose a huge challenge to translators. Thereupon this issue has been researched by many translation theorists. The subject matter of this article are culture-specific items (CSIs) in the Polish translation of the thriller “De reünie” by Simone van der Vlugt. The first reading of this translation calls readers’ attention to the fact that it is a text rich in cultural references. Thereupon the author of this article found worth analyzing how the translator has dealed with this challenge. Especially that this kind of research can be useful for other translators, as well as for translation theorists and reviewers of translations. The aim of this article is to analyze the use of translation techniques for CSIs and to inquire into the frequency with which the analyzed translation techniques have been applied. This is the first research of this kind concerning this novel. The theoretical part is dedicated to the issues associated with CSIs, namely the definitions of this term, translation problems caused by CSIs and classifications of translation strategies and techniques. The command of these issues is a starting point for the next phases of the research. The analysis was carried out using the classification of translation strategies and techniques described by Aixelá (1996). Due to the fact that proper nouns are numerous, the chosen classification was supplemented with one strategy from the classification of Hejwowski (2007), namely with the approved equivalent. The presented analysis is based upon the most representative examples of CSIs. The author of this article has suggested alternative translation solutions to some examples. The aim of it was not to criticize the translation choices made by the translator, but to shed light on other translation possibilities. The analysis has shown that there have been used 17 translation techniques and combinations of them in the Polish translation of the novel „De reünie”. The most common technique used by the translator, Dorota Szafrańska-Poniewierska, has been the repetition – 105 times. Other translation techniques and combinations of them have been applied significantly less often. On the basis of the observations has been stated that the most translation techniques and the combinations of them belong to the conservation, category proposed by Aixelá (1996) and are exotic. That means that the most Dutch culture-specific items and consequently also the couleur locale of the whole novel have been retained. Thereupon it can be as- sumed that the choices of the translator may lead to the foreignization (Venuti, 1995). However, these are tentative conclusions and in order to draw further conclusions the analysis of this text should be broadened with the research at the macrostructural level that could be an interesting amplification of this research.
EN
Due to the fact that the Polish translation of the Harry Potter series by Andrzej Polkowski is one of the most popular and influential in the latest years it seems to be very interesting to find out what qualities make a translation as popular as the original text. Obviously, it can be assumed that there must be a wide range of conditions to be met. However, this paper focuses only on one aspect, namely proper names, which can be found in the books as the plot is set in a non-real world containing a significant number of nouns that were invented for the purpose of the scenery and action. Thus, they pose a real challenge for translators. What is more, the article aims at answering the question of tendencies in the use of translation procedures.
EN
This paper aims at presenting the lexical gaps which occur when translating a text from English into Romanian. In the first part of the paper causes for and types of lexical gaps, common strategies for dealing with lexical gaps in the process of translating are investigated and illustrated. The analysis made in the second part of the paper focuses on English verbs expressing the technique of cooking in water. The verbs which lead to lexical gaps in Romanian are insisted upon and the appropriate solutions to fill in these gaps are offered.
PL
Jan Potocki – polski podróżnik, geograf, etnograf i pisarz, znany przede wszystkim jako autor Rękopisu znalezionego w Saragossie, udał się na wyprawę po Maroku w roku 1791. W roku 1792 ukazały się wspomnienia z podróży zatytułowane ‘Voyage dans l'Empire de Maroc, fait en l'année 1791. Suivi du Voyage de Hafez, récit oriental’, których polski przekład opublikowany został w zbiorowym opracowaniu Leszka Kukulskiego pt. ‘Podróże’ w roku 1959. Natomiast w roku 2014, nakładem marokańskiego wydawnictwa Kalimat, ukazało się arabskie tłumaczenie ʿAbd Allāha Bāʻalī zatytułowane ‘Yān Būtūtskī. Jan Potocki. Riḥla fī Imbirāṭūriyyat al-Maġrib tammat hilāla sanat 1791’. Artykuł przedstawia okoliczności powstania dzieła, prezentując z perspektywy porównawczej wybrane techniki i strategie.
EN
Jan Potocki – Polish traveller, geographer, ethnographer and writer, mostly known as the author of The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, embarked on a journey around Morocco in 1791. In 1792, the memoirs from the journey entitled ‘Voyage dans l’Empire de Maroc, fait en l’année 1791. Suivi du Voyage de Hafez, récit oriental’ were released, the Polish translation of which was published in the collective work of Leszek Kukulski entitled ‘Journeys’ in 1959. And in 2014, the Arabic translation of ʿAbd Allāh Bāʻalī entitled ‘ Yān Būtūtskī. Jan Potocki. Riḥla fī Imbirāṭūriyyat al-Maġrib tammat hilāla sanat 1791’ appeared under the imprint of a Moroccan publisher. The article depicts the circumstances in which the travel diaries were created and presents translations of the work into Polish and Arabic. From a comparative perspective, the translation techniques and strategies in selected semantic categories are demonstrated – such as toponyms, anthroponyms, titles, names of professions – and the article focuses on the problem of overcoming cultural barriers.
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Księga Ozeasza w Septuagincie

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EN
The Book of Hosea plays a special role in the life and theology of ancientIsrael. Serving as an opening to the Minor Prophets (the Book of theTwelve) both in the Hebrew and Greek traditions, it is a source of importanttheological interpretations. The article focuses on the Book of Hosea inthe Septuagint. It presents its role in the context of the Greek Book of theTwelve, together with the manuscripts and critical editions of LXXHos,indicating the textual richness of this book in antiquity. It also attempts toshow the character of the Greek text, its translation techniques, its omissionsand additions and other aspects, discussing also the dating of the book inthe Greek tradition.
EN
In his article the author describes problems by translating of Polish futuristic poetry. He focuses his attention on referential (meaning, content) and formal structure of the poem (ortography, rhyme) and its rendition.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor omawia trudności wynikające z przekładu poezji futurystycznej skupiając się na warstwie referencyjnej (treść) oraz formalnej (ortografia, rymy) tekstu wyjściowego i docelowego.
DE
Im folgenden Beitrag werden die Übersetzungsprobleme futuristischer Dichtung angesprochen. Der Verfasser konzentriert sich besonders auf die referenzielle (den Inhalt) und formale (Orthographie, Reime) Ebene des Ausgangs- und Zieltextes.
EN
In the beginning of the 18th century, an Old-polish translation of the Ovid’s “Księgi Metamorphoseon, to jest, Przemian, od Publiusa Owidyusza Nasona wierszami opisane”, first translated and published by Walerian Otwinowski in 1638, was translated into Russian. There are two Russian translations of Otwinowski’s work. They differ in the linguistic features and the translation style. Both translations include some cases of the use of the uncommon in the Russian language phrases like niedźwiedź ‘a bear’ and niedźwiadek ‘a scorpio’. This paper analyses the issue of translating these phrases as well as the reasons for such translations.
EN
This article compares translation techniques for proper names in Spanish and French within a novel considered fantasy literature. For our study we have analyzed the first novel of the saga A song of Ice and Fire with the aim of establishing a classification of proper names, looking into the most common translation techniques in both languages and comparing them in order to find out common patterns.
ES
El presente artículo compara las estrategias de traducción de los nombres propios en francés y en español de una novela perteneciente al género de literatura fantástica. Para ello se ha utilizado la primera novela de la saga Canción de hielo y fuego, con el fin de establecer una clasificación de los nombres propios, comprobar cuáles son las técnicas de traducción más habituales en ambas lenguas para finalmente compararlas y comprobar en qué casos coinciden.
EN
The history of works composed by Jesuits Fulvio Androzzi (1523–1575) and Marcin Śmiglecki (1563/64–1618) and their translations into Church Slavonic and the so-called “prostaâ mova” are considered as an interesting example of the spread of Catholic works among adherents of Orthodoxy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Androzzi’s Della frequenza della communione (1579) was originally an essay on the preparation for frequent communion. Its two Polish-language editions by Stanisław Grochowski (Scieszka poboznego chrześcianina, 1600) and Szymon Wysocki (Skarbnica duchowna, 1600) served as a source for a concise, written in “prostaâ mova” funerary sample sermon, which is found in the Vilna’s Orthodox Ritual 1621. An essay on theological and legal aspects of money-lending (usury) by Śmiglecki (O lichwie i trzech przednieyszych kontrakciech, 1596) was partly used for drawing up a treatise on moral theology Mir s Bogom čeloveku (1669) published in the Kiev Monastery of the Caves. Both sample sermons and treatises on moral theology were new literary genres for Orthodox tradition; their origin in the seventeenth century can be associated with Catholic influences.
PL
Tłumaczenia dzieł jezuitów Fulvia Androzziego (1523–1575) i Marcina Śmigleckiego (1563/64–1618) na język cerkiewnosłowiański i tzw. prostą mowę rozpatrywane są jako ciekawy przykład funkcjonowania utworów katolickich w XVII-wiecznym środowisku prawosławnym w Rzeczypospolitej. Della frequenza della communione (1579) Androzziego powstał jako traktat o częstym przyjmowaniu komunii. Oba jego przekłady polskie: w wersji skróconej Stanisława Grochowskiego (Scieszka poboznego chrześcianina, 1600) i pełnej Szymona Wysockiego (Skarbnica duchowna, 1600) stały się źródłem lakonicznego kazania wzorcowego na pogrzeb w składzie prawosławnego Rytuału (Wilno 1621). Traktat teologiczno-prawny o pobieraniu procentów i o kontraktach Śmigleckiego (O lichwie i trzech przednieyszych kontrakciech, Wilno 1596) został częściowo włączony do pierwszego prawosławnego manuale spowiedniczego Mir s Bogom čeloveku (Kijów 1669). Zarówno kazanie wzorcowe, jak i manuale spowiednicze należały do nowych gatunków literatury religijnej, które zaczęły powstawać w piśmiennictwie prawosławnym dopiero w XVII wieku pod wpływem tradycji katolickiej.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaproponowanie kilku technik tłumaczeniowych, które można wykorzystać podczas tłumaczenia na językpolski nazw angielskich stanowisk sędziowskich, sądów i trybunałów administracyjnych. W pierwszej części autor zwięźle opisuje strukturę angielskich sądów i trybunałów administracyjnych. W drugiej omawia teoretyczne podstawy tłumaczenia terminów z zakresu prawa. Trzecią część poświęca technikom tłumaczenia nazw angielskich sądów i trybunałów administracyjnych, zaś ostatnią technikom tłumaczenia nazw angielskich stanowisk sędziowskich. Artykuł ma również charakter praktyczny, ponieważ zawiera autorskie propozycje polskich ekwiwalentów omawianych terminów angielskich.
EN
The aim of this article is to propose a number of translation techniques which can be applied in the process of translating the names of English judicial offices, courts and tribunals into Polish. In the first part, the author briefly describes the English court and tribunal system. In the second, he provides a theoretical background to the translation of legal terms. He devotes the third part to the techniques of translating the names of English courts and tribunals and the last one to the techniques of translating the names of English judicial offices. The article also has a practical aspect as it contains suggested Polish equivalents for the English names in question.
ES
Los referentes culturales constituyen uno de los principales argumentos a favor de la intraducibilidad. No obstante, el Premio de Traducción Literaria del Instituto Cervantes otorgado a Ewa Zaleska por la traducción de Soldados de Salamina desmiente una vez más a los escépticos de la traducción. La novela de Javier Cercas, fuertemente anclada en el contexto sociohistórico de España, podría citarse entre los libros más espinosos en cuanto a la traducción de los elementos culturales. El fuerte compromiso del autor con la memoria histórica exige del traductor una constante toma de decisiones en cuanto a la fidelidad al autor y/o al potencial lector de la traducción. En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar las técnicas de traducción elegidas por Ewa Zaleska, prestando una especial atención a las técnicas de traducción de los culturemas específicos de la guerra civil española.
PL
Elementy kulturowe stanowią jeden z głównych argumentów na rzecz nieprzekładalności. Niemniej jednak nagroda Instytutu Cervantesa przyznana Ewie Zaleskiej za przekład Żołnierzy spod Salaminy po raz kolejny kwestionuje poglądy sceptyków tłumaczenia. Powieść Javiera Cercasa, głęboko osadzona w realiach historycznych i społecznych Hiszpanii, jest przykładem tekstu przepełnionego elementami kulturowymi. Rola, jaką autor powieści przypisuje pamięci historycznej, wymaga od tłumacza nieustannego podejmowania decyzji w kwestii wierności autorowi i/lub potencjalnemu czytelnikowi przekładu. W niniejszym artykule analizujemy techniki zastosowane przez Ewę Zaleską podczas tłumaczenia elementów kulturowych, zwracając szczególną uwagę na elementy charakterystyczne dla hiszpańskiej wojny domowej.
EN
Cultural references constitute one of the main arguments to support untranslatability. However, the prize of the Cervantes Institute for Literary Translation awarded to Ewa Zalewska for translation of Soldados de Salamina proved translation skeptics wrong again. The story by Javier Cercas is deeply set in the social and historical context of Spain; therefore, it could be an example of a very demanding book with regard to the translation of cultural references. The author’s strong attachment to the historical memory requires making endless decisions concerning faithfulness to the author and/or to a potential reader of the translation from the translator. The article analyzes translation techniques used by Ewa Zalewska, with the special consideration of cultural references specific for the Spanish Civil War
EN
In the article entitled ‘The Taming of the Italian Vulgarism or Polish Translators Facing Censorship’ the authors reflect upon the translation of Italian vulgarisms contained in literary works into the Polish language. Two modern teen novels written by Federico Moccia were analyzed for this purpose, namely Tre metri sopra il cielo and its sequel Ho voglia di te. The former was translated into Polish by Krystyna and Eugeniusz Kabatc whereas the latter by Anna Niewęgłowska. The text analyses were performed with the use of TextSTAT. The authors analyze the translations of the expressions within the given contexts and attempt to tackle the questions concerning the translation techniques applied in the traduction of vulgarisms and cuss words as well as shed light on the differences in the translations of the two literary texts.
FR
Dans le présent article, les auteurs réféchissent sur la traduction des vulgarismes italiens en polonais dans les deux romans contemporains pour les jeunes de Federico Moccia : Tre metri sopra il cielo et Ho voglia di te. La traduction du premier livre a été assurée par Krystyna et Eugeniusz Kabatc, tandis que le deuxième, qui constitue la suite des aventures des jeunes héros du premier texte, a été traduit par Anna Niewęgłowska. Après avoir fait une analyse statistique concernant le nombre de mots vulgaires dans les textes originaux et dans leurs traductions respectives, on a examiné les contextes d’apparition des gros mots, ce qui a permis de répertorier les solutions utilisées par les traducteurs de deux textes et les différentes techniques qu’ils ont adoptées dans la traduction des vulgarismes.
EN
The article reviews the role of obscene vocabulary in Sergei Yesenin’s cycle Moscow Taverns, as well as the problems connected with rendering them into Polish. The material ofthe analysis, Yeseninʼs poetry, is famous for a high frequency of terms of abuse. The resultsof the examination make it possible to pinpoint certain regularities in translation transformations.The potential translation variants are shown on basis of three Polish translators’works, pertaining to different periods. Due to this, it is possible to observe the evolving attitudesto translating obscene images in Yesenin’s poetry in a diachronic perspective.
RU
Данная статья трактует о роли обсценной лексики в цикле стихотворений Сергея Есенина Москва кабацкая. В ней также раскрываются особенности перевода такого рода лексики на польский язык. Материалом анализа стала лирика Есенина, в которой встречаются многочисленные примеры инвективных слов. Приведенный в статье широкий спектр переводческих решений позволил выявить некоторые универсальные приемы перевода обсценной лексики. В статье приводятся трансляторские варианты трех польских переводчиков, работы которых относятся к разным периодам. По этому поводу можно проанализировать меняющиеся концепции перевода обсценной лексики в цикле Москва кабацкая в диахроническом аспекте.
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