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EN
The Polish reaction to Peter Weir’s film The Way Back (2010) was centred on a discussion about the credibility of its literary prototype, Sławomir Rawicz’s book The long walk (1955). The author of the article does not discuss this con troversy; she prefers to concentrate on the adaptation that was chosen by the director, who combines different interpretations of the phenomenon of freedom in his movie. Weir’s approach can be regarded as transnational and such a perspective is suggested as a context for the interpretation of The Way Back. .
EN
The aim of this article is to provide the comparison between the visions of Spanish Civil War, which took place between 1936 and 1939, in the cinematography at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. In the first instance, it shows a brief historical introduction to the topic of this military conflict. Then, it critically reflects upon the attitude of the directors of the eight chosen titles (which were created between 1990 and 2019) towards the phenomenon of the civil war in Spain as well as analyses some aspects and circumstances of these pictures highlighted by their creators. Furthermore, the paper also reflects upon the transnational character of these productions as well as the transnational features of the conflict itself. Towards the end of the article, there is a summary of the directors’ visions of Spanish Civil War in the cinematography of the chosen period.
EN
Recently the topic of transnationalism in the arts has become a popular strand of academic research. Nevertheless, this phenomenon is not an entirely new concept. In cinema it has been a constant element since its inception. One of the most important inspirations for world cinema has been the traditional cinematography of the USA, especially from the period of the great film studios, with the western being one of the most popular and imitated genres. Although it seems to be inextricably connected with the American myth of the frontier, the Wild West, the theme of expansion, and the conflict of ‘civilization’ and ‘wildness/savagery’ has reverberated outside the USA. In Japan westerns resonated on both the consumer-commercial and artistic levels. Japanese filmmakers utilized elements of the genre while weaving in some native contexts. The history of colonization of the northern island of Hokkaidō and its native inhabitants – the Ainu people – have been a point of reference for Japan-based western films. In this article, the authors analyze the western-specific genre elements in Japanese films about the Ainu people, while concentrating on the portrayal of individuals, groups and human relations on the frontier.
EN
In my paper I will discuss the career of, a director born in 1942 in Nis in Yugoslavia, whose career, spanning over forty years and Yugoslavia, West Germany and Serbia, excellently illustrates the concepts of independent and transnational cinema and their interface. Žilnik’s career well illustrates the advantages and pitfalls of “independent filmmaking”, especially in the context of Eastern Europe. Hence, in my paper, I will use his case to examine this concept, drawing on Marx and Marxist thought, such as the critique of the “culture industry” by Horkheimer and Adorno and the concept of “critical media” by Christian Fuchs, and the history of Eastern Europe and its cinema, with its figure of “artist-dissident” and the specific case of Yugoslavia. My main point is that there is no “independent cinema” in absolute terms; cinema can only be independent from something, hence ‘independent cinema’ means different things in different cultural contexts.
EN
The Baltic Sea has effectively separated the Scandinavian and Eastern European countries, especially in the period when this body of water constituted a part of the Iron Curtain and functioned for Scandinavians as an imaginary protective moat. From the East-Central European perspective, the Baltic Sea offered a hope of escape to freedom, encapsulated in the cinematic trope of the sea as a ‘blue boundary’, or a ‘horizon of hope’. But the Baltic Sea was also feared as a life-threatening border, as expressed in the trope of ‘Baltic noir’, a variation of the ‘Eastern noir’ trope (Mrozewicz 2018) – imagining the sea in nocturnal scenery as wild and under state control. The article discusses screen representations of the Baltic Sea understood as performative regioscaping practices (Chow 2021), offering insights into the memories and histories of human mobilities across the Baltic Sea beyond official narratives, as well as into the human relationship with the sea as both a cultural boundary and material body of water. As demonstrated by the analyzed film examples, Christian Petzold’s Barbara (2012, Germany) and Ilze Burkovska-Jacobsen’s My Favorite War (2020, Norway, Latvia), the Baltic Sea continues to be an important spatiotemporal node in the transnational re-telling of the region’s history and identity.
PL
Artykuł stanowi studium polsko-kanadyjskiej koprodukcji – Cudownego dziecka (1987) Waldemara Dzikiego. Autor koncentruje się na rekonstrukcji przyczyn wejścia polskiej ekipy we współpracę z zachodnim kontrahentem oraz przygląda się procesowi produkcji, tropiąc, jak wpłynął on na kształt filmowego dzieła. W ten sposób opisuje specyfikę polskiej kinematografii schyłku PRL – zarówno w aspekcie ekonomicznym, jak i zmian w mentalności twórców oraz decydentów. Kulisy podpisania umowy ujawniają, jakie wartości okazały się niezbędne dla wejścia polskiej kinematografii na międzynarodowy rynek filmowy. Przypadek współpracy produkcyjnej między krajami z obu stron żelaznej kurtyny jest rozpatrywany w perspektywie krytycznej refleksji nad transnarodowością kina, przy wykorzystaniu koncepcji relacji władzy – zarówno soft, jak i hard – zaproponowanej przez Josepha Nye’a. Badany przykład wskazuje jednak przede wszystkim na rolę negocjacji w międzynarodowych koprodukcjach, która prowadzi do filmowych form hybrydycznych.
EN
The article is a study of the Polish-Canadian co-production The Young Magician (Cudowne dziecko, 1987), directed by Waldemar Dziki. The author focuses on reconstructing the Polish filmmakers’ reasons for undertaking a collaboration with the Western contractor and reflects on the production process, tracing how it influenced the shape of the film work. In this way, he describes the specificity of Polish cinematography of the declining period of the Polish People’s Republic – both in economic terms and in terms of changes in the mentality of artists and decision-makers. The background circumstances in which the agreement was signed reveal the values that proved to be crucial for Polish cinematography to enter the international film market. The case of production cooperation between countries from both sides of the Iron Curtain is examined in the perspective of a critical reflection on transnational cinema, using the concept of power relations – both soft and hard proposed by Joseph Nye. However, the example of The Young Magician above all points to the role of negotiation in international co-productions, which leads to hybrid film forms.
PL
Przedmiotem badań zaprezentowanych w artykule są konteksty produkcyjne, dystrybucyjne i krytyczno-filmowe filmu Agnieszki Holland Zabić księdza (1988). Autorka dowodzi, że włączenie dzieła zrealizowanego jako transatlantycka koprodukcja do nurtu kina autorskiego i kina polskiego nie wynika z jego treści i cech stylistycznych, ale jest głównie efektem praktyk dystrybucyjno-krytycznych. Tekstualna analiza filmu demonstruje, jak dyskurs krytyczny rozwijany w systemie kina narodowego scala zaburzenia koherencji tekstu filmowego powstające w wyniku napięć narracyjno- afektywnych. Autorka analizuje również, jak rozmaite czynniki zewnątrztekstowe, zwłaszcza praktyki dystrybucyjne i krytyczne, nadają Holland status autorki filmowej, który włącza ją w obszar (narodowego) kina artystycznego.
EN
The author examines how Agnieszka Holland’s film To Kill a Priest (1988) functions in various systems of film production, distribution, and critical discourses. The main aim of the presented analysis is to demonstrate how certain distribution and critical strategies contribute to consideration of the film that was made as a transnational coproduction as belonging to auteur and national cinema. In her close analysis of the film, the author explains how the critical discourse developed within the system of national cinema consolidates the cinematic text whose coherence is frequently compromised by the narrative-affective tensions and oppositions. Finally, the article argues that Agnieszka Holland’s status of a film auteur is predominantly established by means of extratextual factors, especially the strategies of distribution and various critical practices.
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