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EN
The present article analyses issue of tulku or people regarded as reincarnations of Tibetan masters. It shows meaning of the tulkus in Tibetan Buddhism, and character of traditional education of monks (all tulkus have to be monks during their school years). The main concern of the author is criticism of tulku educational system, both in Tibet and outside it. What was already mentioned by other authors (corruption, violence against young tulkus) in feudal Tibet is reproduced in Tibetan monasteries outside Tibet. Some young tulkus, especially those who have been recognized in the West, do not accept tulku system. Few of them quitted monkhood, and some even rejected Buddhism.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł analizuje zagadnienie tulku, czyli ludzi uważanych za reinkarnacje tybetańskich mistrzów. Pokazuje znaczenie tulku w buddyzmie tybetańskim i charakter tradycyjnej edukacji mnichów (wszyscy tulku muszą być mnichami w czasie nauki w szkole). Przedmiotem zainteresowania autora jest krytyka systemu edukacyjnego tulku, zarówno w Tybecie, jak i poza nim. Tekst pokazuje, że to, co było przedmiotem krytyki ze strony innych autorów opisujących feudalny Tybet (korupcja, przemoc wobec młodego tulku), nadal stanowi problem w klasztorach buddyjskich poza Tybetem. Kilku młodych tulku zrzuciło szaty mnisie, a część z nich porzuciła buddyzm.
EN
The article is an analysis of an institution of tulku in Tibetan Buddhism examples by tradition of the incarnations of the Dalai Lamas. The purpose of the paper is to show the discussed topic in possible broadest context with its historical, political and cultural framework. The genesis the institution of tulku in Tibet will be described, as well as its mechanisms of actions. The way of choosing a heir within tradition will be analyzed along with its theoretical justification. Then, in the next part of the paper, the short history of the lineage of the Dalai Lamas in Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism will be presented including all possible relevant factors on this topic. As a conclusion, the author of the paper will try to answer a question about the reasons of such tremendous impact of the institution of the tulku exerted on the Tibetan society.
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