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EN
After escaping the German mass killing facility in Sobibór on 14 October 1943, Dov Freiberg and Semyon Rozenfeld survived in hiding near Chelm until the arrival of the Red Army in July 1944. In 1945, Freiberg testified before the Central Jewish Historical Commission, and in 1988, he published his much more extensive memoirs To Survive Sobibor. Both texts cover the period of hiding, during which Freiberg, Rozenfeld and the brothers Dawid and Józef Serczuk were taken in by two women. The two sources reveal an episode of male sexual barter, as the male group established rational relationships with the two women in order to stabilize a precarious situation. By comparing both of Freiberg’s texts, it becomes clear that so-called late testimonies are rich and unjustly underrated source-material.
PL
Po ucieczce z niemieckiego obozu śmierci w Sobiborze 14 października 1943 r. Dov Freiberg i Semyon Rozenfeld ukrywali się w okolicach Chełma do przybycia Armii Czerwonej w lipcu 1944 r. W 1945 r. Freiberg złożył zeznanie przed Centralną Żydowską Komisją Historyczną, a w 1988 r. opublikował obszerne wspomnienia zatytułowane To Survive Sobibor (Przetrwać Sobibór). W obu tekstach opisał okres ukrywania się wraz z Rozenfeldem oraz braćmi Dawidem i Józefem Serczukami. Żydowscy uciekinierzy znaleźli schronienie u dwóch kobiet, z którymi zbudowali tymczasowe związki. W obu tekstach Freiberg wspomina o seksualnych i emocjonalnych relacjach z kobietami, które mężczyźni postrzegali jako narzędzie służące zabezpieczeniu ich trudnej sytuacji w ukryciu. Porównując oba źródła, autor artykułu wskazuje, jak ważne w badaniach nad Zagładą są tzw. późne relacje.
EN
‘We got to know each other through our eyes…’ Research on Strategies for the Survival of Jewish Women Functioning above ‘Ground’ on the Aryan Side in Occupied Krakow and its Surroundings The purpose of this article is to show the survival strategies and the everyday life of Jewish women living on the so-called Aryan side in occupied Krakow and its surroundings. Ego-documents are the core source: relations and diaries collected in the Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, the Archives of Yad Vashem in Jerusalem and the Archives of the Metropolitan Curia in Kraków. A thorough analysis of the phenomenon is very complex, therefore this article only discusses the fate of the Jewish women who co-existed amongst Polish society rather than those who did not have ‘Aryan documents’ or could be betrayed by their appearance, and were thus forced to remain in hiding the whole time. The article not only pays attention to the survival strategies and ways in which they disguised their origins and identities, but it also explores the everyday life, family relationships, work and religious life of these women. The author’ s aim was not to analyse aid provided to Jewish women by non-Jews, or symmetrically, to synthesise problems regarding the selling out of Jews in occupied Krakow. Both issues do appear in the article, but rather as background to the individual cases, since they were, in fact, inseparable elements of any survival strategy on the Aryan side in the GG ‘capital’. The article also notes the absence of certain topics in the interviews, related to the daily life of Jewish women in hiding, which makes a more comprehensive analysis difficult.
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