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Metody badań archeologii podwodnej na przykładzie wraków znalezionych u wybrzeży Langwedocji i Prowansji

100%

Góralczyk A.

Folia Historica Cracoviensia

2013

vol. 19

7–41

Celem prac archeologicznych prowadzonych na lądzie i pod wodą jest zdobycie jak największej ilości informacji na podstawie znalezionych zabytków. Archeologia lądowa i podwodna opiera się na podobnej metodyce badań, ale różni stosowanymi narzędziami, odmiennymi warunkami pracy i środowiska naturalnego ze względu na ograniczone możliwości ludzkiego organizmu nieprzystosowanego do dłuższego przebywania pod wodą bez uszczerbku dla zdrowia, odmienne funkcjonowanie zmysłów ludzkich oraz wyższe koszty prac wykopaliskowych niż na lądzie. Wraki nie pozostają w nienaruszonym stanie, lecz przez cały czas ulegają destrukcji powodowanej czynnikami fizycznymi, chemicznymi i biologicznymi oraz działalnością miejscowej flory i fauny (na małych i średnich głębokościach w większym stopniu niż na dużych), co wymusza jak najszybsze tempo pracy. Obecnie stosowane metody badań podwodnych nie zmieniły się od lat siedemdziesiątych. Wraz z szybszym tempem rozwoju techniki obserwowanym na początku lat osiemdziesiątych i wprowadzeniem do badań nowoczesnych, małych łodzi podwodnych, robotów i systemów lokalizacyjnych wykorzystujących dane satelitarne zwiększyła się liczba prac eksploracyjnych na stanowiskach podmorskich w latach osiemdziesiątych i w pierwszej połowie lat dziewięćdziesiątych. Przyszłość archeologii podwodnej związana jest z badaniem dużych i wielkich głębokości oraz rozwojem cybernetyki i informatyki.

The purpose of the archaeological works carried out on land and under water is to maximise the amount of information on the objects which have been recovered. Both land and underwater archeology are based on a similar research methodology, but they differ in the sets of tools used, as well as in working and environmental conditions. It is naturally caused by the limited capacity of the human body, which is not designed for long stay under water without sustaining serious damages to the health and functioning of the different human senses. It also generates higher costs of excavation than on land. Wrecks do not remain intact, but at all times they are subject to destruction caused by physical, chemical and biological factors, as well as by the activity of the local flora and fauna (at small and medium depths the process of destruction is faster than at large ones), which determines a faster pace of work. Currently used methods of underwater exploration have not changed since the seventies. With the rapid pace of technological development observed in the early eighties and the introduction of modern, small submarines, robots and tracking systems utilising satellite data, there was an increase in the number of offshore archeological sites in the eighties and early nineties. The future of underwater archeology is bound with the study of large and great depths and the development of cybernetics and computer science.

Wraki Zatoki Gdańskiej. Historia odkrycia wraka statku tzw. „Johan” („Szklany”), UM-644-2012, EPSA – F53.30

59%

Gęstwicki J.

Pomorania Antiqua

2019

vol. Tom XXVIII

s. 213-231

Hydrographic surveys realized by the Maritime Office in Gdynia on the Gulf of Gdańsk, are the research of waterways, anchorages and other usable areas in connection with the necessity of ensuring the safety of navigation and shipping. Numerous underwater objects of various categories are located on the seabed as a result of these surveys. The vast majority of these are ship's anchors, chains, ropes, fishing nets and pollution coming from the land (rubble, bricks, pieces of ferroconcrete, etc.). Underwater military objects are also detectable and shipwrecks or their parts. It is assumed that underwater archeology in Poland has begun with the discovery by employees of the maritime administration in 1969 the wreck of the Swedish galleon “Solen” and the wreck of the medieval ship ”Miedziowiec”. It can be assumed, based on archival source documents, that even several hundred other vessels sank in the Gdańska Bay and neighboring water bodies. On 10.09.2012, during hydrographic surveys from the deck of the Maritime Office in Gdynia vessel – “Hydrograf 10”, an atypical underwater object, about four meters long and half meter diameter, was located in the area of the wreckage, probably wooden vessel. During the hydrographic surveys carried out in following days, using the side scan sonar (C-MAX, CM2 EDF ) and multibeam echosounder (Reson SeaBat 8125), a heavily damaged, previously unknown shipwreck of a wooden vessel and an unusual underwater object lying on that, was identified. On 14.05.2013, hydrographers of the Marine Measurements Department, together with the archaeologists of the National Maritime Museum, in cooperation with divers from the Center of Diving Technology from Gdynia, conducted a preliminary recognition of the shipwreck, which received the working name “Johan”. Based on the first words of divers, it appeared that on the remains of a wooden wreck, probably from the eighteenth century, lies a torpedo with a head separated from the main body. There were also visible the wooden barrels made of small staves of unknown content, at the seabed. Accordance to the existing law, the maritime administration has started activities aimed at precise identification of the dangerous underwater object and its neutralization (removal) by Polish Navy divers. During the operation, the real threat has been confirmed in case of the remains of the wreck which had already received confirmation of historical value by the underwater archeologists. As a result of more than a year intensive maritime administration activities, on 03.07.2014, the divers from the 8th Coastal Defense Flotilla Polish Navy, removed from the shipwreck, the middle part of the torpedo without the tail and the head, caliber 533 mm, about 4.1 m long, which came from World War II . These activities enabled the start of archaeological underwater research conducted by the National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk. As a result of these research, it was established that the shipwreck is a remnant of a merchant ship from the second half of the seventeenth century, which sank with a load of barrels containing, among others iron bars and glass bottles of various sizes and shapes. Three cannon munitions from 1.5 m to 2 m long were also removed from the shipwreck. Due to the removed glass bottles from the wreck, discovered by the Marine Measurements Department of the Maritime Office in Gdynia, an unknown shipwreck from the second half of the seventeenth century, has received a name as “Glass”, since then. Modern hydrographic surveys carried out nowadays, using modern hydroacoustic equipment in the form of side scan sonar systems and high-resolution multibeam echosounders allow to the detect and give precise location of even small underwater objects. The interpretation of the collected measurement data made by an experienced marine hydrographer enables precise selection of these objects, for which it is advisable to conduct further research carried out by a team of underwater archaeologists.

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1 Folia Historica Cracoviensia

1 Pomorania Antiqua

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1 Góralczyk A.

1 Gęstwicki J.

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Metody badań archeologii podwodnej na przykładzie wraków znalezionych u wybrzeży Langwedocji i Prowansji

Wraki Zatoki Gdańskiej. Historia odkrycia wraka statku tzw. „Johan” („Szklany”), UM-644-2012, EPSA – F53.30