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1
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Technicism in the Ukrainian avant-garde theatre: a clash of meanings and forms

100%
Veselovska H.
Theatralia: Revue současného myšlení o divadelní kultuře (Theatralia: The revue of contemporary thought on theatre culture)
|
2022
|
vol. 25
|
issue 1
27-43
EN
The article examines the impact of technicism on the Ukrainian avant-garde theatre and how the subject of industrialisation was treated on stage as a result. Based on performances directed by Boris Glagolin (Ukraine), Les Kurbas (Ukraine), Erwin Piscator (Germany), Alexander Tairov (Russia), Igor Terentiev (Ukraine) and stage designed by Oleksandr Khvostenko-Khvostov (Ukraine), Vadym Meller (Ukraine), Anatol Petrytsky (Ukraine), and others, the author analyses the two varied trends on stages, both of which were a product of the evolving ideological tasks facing the European and Ukrainian theatres in the 1920s–1930s. A tendency that arose at some point among the aforementioned avant-garde directors to make a parody out of technicism-related ideas is also discussed.
2
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Architectural and Urban Design of Public Space Based on Social Cooperation

88%
Lewandowska A.
Journal of Education Culture and Society
|
2018
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vol. 9
|
issue 2
187-194
EN
Aim The subject of this work are contemporary methods of designing public space based on cooperation with city users. At present, authorities of the cities attempt to involve citizens in the process of architectural change. The key component of the series of research are designing processes composed of various social consultations, architectural workshops and competitions, in which the resident's need to shape the city is visible and evident. Methods The author of article will indicate varied methods of designing public space involving citizens, based on experiences of Warsaw (Poland), and conducted analysis of design processes and results. Results and Conclusion Architecture is a reflection of political and economic situation but is also a reflection of citizens way of living. The gap between city users and professionals might be filled with social cooperation process. The residents knowledge of the space is essential to build and transform the cities in a way to fulfill the user’s needs and requirements. 
3
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Kompozycja, hierarchia, ideologia. Socrealistyczna przebudowa Warszawy według koncepcji jedności urbanistycznej miasta

88%
Mordyński K.
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
|
2014
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vol. 76
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issue 3
535-557
EN
The article deals with the concept of Warsaw’s Urban redevelopment in 1949-55 when by means of administrative decisions the authorities introduced the doctrine of Socialist Realism into Polish architecture and urbanism, often regardless of the architectural circles’ criticism. The till-then principles of Warsaw’s redevelopment following Modernist concepts were to be revised and altered. From the regime’s perspective, architecture and urban planning were to serve as tools of prestige consolidation, cultural policy, and doctrinally perceived social engineering.
4
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Public urbanistic policies to favor accessing to social housing

88%
María Lidón Lara Ortiz M. L. L.
Journal of Modern Science
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2018
|
issue 3(38)
305-315
EN
Purpose: This paper aims to analyze the importance of the urbanism planning and its relation with the effectiveness of the recently approved Spanish Housing Plan 2018-2021 of measures to favour access to dignified housing as a welfare state policy. Methods: With this purpose, the paper shows that the origin of the access to social housing depends on the urbanism activity using the method of the study of the enacted law. Results: The result of this research underlines that legislator must take in account this relation when approving urbanism regulations. Discussion: The central discussion is focused on improving urbanism regulations in order to ease the real access to dignified housing as a goal to lead to more effectiveness in the Housing Planning application.
5
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K současným hodnotám vesnického prostředí moravského Záhoří

88%
Bryol R.
Národopisný věstník
|
2016
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vol. 33_(75)
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issue 1
5-14
EN
In the submitted reflection essay, I contemplate the rural environment in the region of Moravian Záhoří from the point of view of an ethnologist. The significant value of this regions concerns the landscape character of this agricultural region in a low hilly area adjacent to the western Carpathians and only rarely disturbed by modern industrial elements. The natural communication network with a plethora of small sacral monuments interconnects the individual villages, which have not undergone an essential development. If new residential districts are built at the outskirts of the villages, at least the village core preserves some traditional values. In most locations in the region we can perceive the surviving urbanism of village greens and neighbouring farmsteads which have kept their volume corresponding to the first half of the 20th century. The farmsteads built from fired materials in large dimensions suffice without significant changes even today and they even exceed spatial demands in some cases. Therefore some parts of houses remain lifeless whereby the use of farm wings and buildings themselves seems to be a big problem. We encounter surviving architectural details of facades only in a few cases because these were wiped by younger reconstructions, or covered by modern layers. In spite of all modernization steps which were made during the 20th century and which continue at present as well, we can consider the region of Moravian Záhoří to be an exceptional region with preserved landscape and urban elements, which would be worthy a bigger tourist but especially professional interest of different disciplines. The primary precondition in this context is to find a relation to positive values surviving from the past on the side of inhabitants and representatives of particular villages.
6
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REFLECTIONS ON THE REURBANISM PARADIGM: RE-WEAVING THE URBAN FABRIC FOR URBAN REGENERATION AND RENEWAL

88%
Haas T., Locke R.
Quaestiones Geographicae
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2018
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vol. 37
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issue 4
5-21
EN
Within the realm of contemporary urban design theory and practice, a number of authors have conceptualised the trends and processes of city development and planning into a series of urbanisms. This discussion essay examines the overall tenets of the ‘ReUrbanism paradigm’, a paradigm that has long been present in city planning and development but has received limited analysis and criticism and has not gained a more integrated position within the professional and academic worlds. This paper continues a paradigm development outline, leaning on the characteristics of other urbanisms in order to develop and provide a frame of reference and to contribute to the ongoing build-up of taxonomies about the trajectory of contemporary urban design thought. Focusing on the American representative case of Detroit, the authors of this paper argue for a better understanding of this urban regeneration paradigm, which they characterise as a rational urban planning & design approach in the contemporary age of inner city renewal.
7
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Svědectví písemných pramenů k otázce vyměřování velkých návsí na Rakovnicku

88%
Dohnal M.
Historická geografie (Historical Geography)
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2013
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vol. 39
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issue 2
213-235
EN
The article is an analysis of documentary evidence used for testing a hypothesis of high medieval origin of large green villages in the region of Rakovník, depicted on maps from 19th century. The analysis opened new questions for future research instead of providing a clear answer to the problem.
8
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Rozbory panoramatického pohledu

75%
Hejtmánková B., Kupka J.
Historická geografie (Historical Geography)
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2014
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vol. 40
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issue 2
263-283
EN
The article presents the methodology of analyses of panoramic views, which is usable in explorations and analyses of historical towns from the perspective of urban composition. It is based on analyses of panoramic images from different viewpoints; it describes the meaning and goals of the methodology presented here, the data used and how they were obtained, the form and content of the results and possibilities for their use in the practice of planning and protection of historical sites.
9

Aktywizm miejski i nowe rozumienie kultury. Przyczynek do badań miejskich na Ukrainie i Białorusi

75%
Rybczyńska Z.
Prace Kulturoznawcze
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2016
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vol. 19
59-71
EN
In the article the activity of urban activists is presented based on various examples, together with their main subjects and methods of operation. The problems occuring in this field in Ukraine and Belarus are also discussed. At the same time on the basis of this analysis, the author tries to answer a number of questions about the place and the creators of culture, of urban policies and rhetorical strategies defining culture and, finally, how the modern practices of urban activism impact the recognition of culture as a whole.
10
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Stavitel nového světa. Vladimír Zákrejs a československý urbanismus 1918-19381

75%
Cerman I.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2019
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vol. 117
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issue 4
992-1029
EN
The article discusses the activities of the Institute for the Construction of Cities and its president Vladimír Zákrejs (1880–1948). It explains the origins of the urbanism movement and its connection with the republican empiricism of the era. It provides examples of Zákrejs’s activities in Czech towns and reconstructs the arguments of his inedited manuscript „The Czechoslovak Repulic as an urban building site“. It proves that Zákrejs left the Institute already in 1927 and continued in his activities as an independent urban planner until 1933. His comprehensive approach was replaced by a technocratic tendency, which put emphasis on transport, and a left- -leaning tendency, which focused on housing.
11
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Utváření vesnických normových půdorysů na Olomoucku ve středověku a novověku

75%
Dohnal M., Škabrada J.
Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)
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2015
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vol. 102
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issue 2
199-232
EN
The aim of the study is to evaluate the circumstances revealed by the archaeological study of extinct medieval villages whose ground plans were staked out systematically, using some of the standard schemes of the times: that is, the possible direct proportion of the area, farmed by the individual homesteads, and the expanse of the plot of yards of these homesteads, or rather the width of the yards with respect to the village square. For the initial phase of the analysis were used the available early textual and cartographical sources from areas where such research was made possible by the earlier interconnecting of information about the history of settlement that allow for studying the older stages of social structure of the communities.
12
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Tras las evidencias de la transformación morfológica en San Blas: el Beaterio del Carmen y sus aportes

75%
Gomez M. M.
Sztuka Ameryki Łacińskiej
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2022
|
issue 12
49-63
PL
Beaterio del Carmen zostało ufundowane w drugiej połowie XVII wieku. Jego funkcjonowanie stało się możliwe dzięki zapisom i darowiznom. Choć funkcjonowało przez cały wiek XVIII, jego największy rozwój przypada na ostatnie czterdzieści lat stulecia, kiedy jego przełożoną została Nicolasa de Christo. Za jej czasów znacznie powiększyły się nie tylko zabudowania samego beatrium, ale i teren kontrolowany przez tercjarki. Doszło nawet do zamknięcia wewnątrz nieruchomości publicznych ulic, które przestały być ogólnie dostępne. Prezentowany artykuł ukazuje przemiany urbanistyczne kwartału beaterium, zrekonstruowano w nim także proces przyłączania poszczególnych działek od czasów fundacji instytucji do początków XIX wieku i formowanie się własności zespołu nieruchomości należących do tercjarek.
EN
Beaterio del Carmen was founded in the second half of the 17th century. Its operation was made possible by bequests and donations. Although it functioned throughout the 18th century, its greatest development occurred in the last forty years of the century, when Nicolasa de Christo became the Preposita. During her govern, not only the buildings of the beatrium itself but also the area controlled by the tertiaries expanded significantly. It even came to the closing of public streets inside the property, which ceased to be generally accessible. The presented article shows the urban transformation of the beaterium quarter, the process of attaching individual plots of land from the time of the institution’s foundation to the early 19th century and the formation of ownership of the property complex belonging to the Tertiaries was reconstructed.
13

Большая деревня или город особого рода? Русская урбанистика как пример диалога и контрапункта

75%
Szczukin W.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2013
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vol. 157
7 - 25
EN
The paper attempts a partial revision of common views about the rustic character of the typical Russian city. Extensive analysis of historical material, especially the Old Russian, indicates  typical for the rural way of life, and their appearance is inconceivable otherwise than as a purely urban symbiosis of a (European) landscape and the surrounding wilderness. The author names two reasons for this state of things: first, the economic — poor division of labor and private property, and second, the aesthetic — taking into account in the construction of cities not only pragmatic (economic, military-strategic, political) factors, but also the factor of picturesque, which in Russia meant binding the creations of human civilization and the beauty and power of the wild nature. Outside and inside the urban space a continuous dialogue of a rural element close to nature with that in the life of Russian cities in fact an important role was played by the elements which were a fully European city element. These contradictory elements had taken their toll on the inhabitants of cities simultaneously or alternately, as in the musical counterpoint.
14
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Searching for the better city: urban discourse during the Revolution of 1905 in the Kingdom of Poland

71%
Śmiechowski K.
Praktyka Teoretyczna
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2014
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vol. 13
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issue 3
71-96
EN
The main argument of this paper states that the Revolution of 1905, which established the era of modern politics in Central and Eastern Europe, was also an important landmark for the cities in the Kingdom of Poland. The rapid urbanisation and industrialisation of the Kingdom of Poland after the January Uprising brought irreversible change to the country’s social structure. New agents like the proletariat and the intelligentsia appeared in the urban space. As a result, urban contexts during the Revolution of 1905 were much more important in Russian Poland than in the Interior of the Russian Empire. A conflict arose between groups supporting different visions for the cities: traditional, moderately progressive and radical. Actually, the urban discourse of 1905 was a dispute about the scope of urban democracy. With reference to manifestos or projects for legal acts, as well as articles or reports from Warsaw’s national journals and the local press from Lodz, I examine changes in the Kingdom’s urban discourse-from criticism of the existing administration (the so-called Magistrats) to demands for introducing the modern system of self-governance. Urban discourse tells us a lot about the Polish middle-class and its ideological attitudes. During the Revolution, the initial democratic enthusiasm was soon replaced by the logic of exclusion. Established by the bourgeoisie as a consequence of the revolutionary exposure of class antagonism, it took measures to limit the influence of the working class and its political position in the future urban self-governance.
PL
Główna hipoteza artykułu głosi, że rewolucja 1905 roku, która stanowiła początek nowoczesnej polityczności w tej części Europy, była także punktem zwrotnym w dziejach miast Królestwa Polskiego. Szybka urbanizacja i industrializacja Królestwa po upadku powstania styczniowego spowodowała nieodwracalne zmiany struktury społecznej. W miejskich realiach pojawili się nowi aktorzy społeczni w postaci proletariatu i inteligencji. W wyniku tych zmian w trakcie rewolucji 1905 roku tematyka miejska odgrywała w Królestwie znacznie poważniejszą rolę niż w głębi Cesarstwa. Dyskurs o mieście odzwierciedlał narastający konflikt pomiędzy różnymi wizjami miasta: konserwatywną, postępową i radykalną. W istocie, dyskurs ów był dyskusją na temat zakresu miejskiej demokracji. Ukazuje on również skalę kontrastów występujących pomiędzy aktorami społecznymi biorącymi udział w miejskim życiu publicznym, a zwłaszcza pomiędzy burżuazją a proletariatem, już na tym bardzo początkowym etapie nowoczesnej polityczności w Królestwie Polskim. W trakcie rewolucji, początkowy demokratyczny entuzjazm ustąpił wkrótce miejsca logice ekskluzji. Ustanowiona przez mieszczaństwo w odpowiedzi na narastające w trakcie rewolucji wyostrzenie antagonizmów klasowych, prowadziła ona do ograniczenia znaczenia klasy pracującej i jej pozycji politycznej w planowanym samorządzie miejskim.
15
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Sonda do kultury města – Zlín, modelové město modernity

63%
Mareš P.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2013
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vol. 49
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issue 5
681-702
EN
In the 1920s and 1930s the Czech town of Zlín was shaped by a plan of the Baťa shoe company to build a model company town exemplifying the perfect organisation of physical and social space (structuring society through the structure of space and vice versa), in which there is an order to everything and everyone has a distinct position within that order. This intention was tied to the needs of a society of mass production and was based on the standardisation and normalisation not only of production and industry facilities, but also of settlements and dwellings and even of the individual activities of people and their lives as a whole. In this society, the concentration of workers in larger factories and their subordination to precise division of labour entailed the imposition of disciplinary power over their bodies and the indoctrination of their minds with corporate ideology. All this, along with the surveillance and control of the people’s lives, not just at work in the production plant but also in their homes, their schools, during their leisure time activities, and even through the overall urban layout itself, combined to give the town’s inhabitantsa specific collective identity. This is a story as much about the transformation of a small village community into a model town of modernity as it is about farmers, herders and craftspeople becoming modern factory workers and seeing their social field, habitus and identity changed. And it is even more the story of the function of urban space and and how its transformations usher in changes in the way of life.
16
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Development of a settlement on the northeastern promontory at 'Marea'

63%
Derda T., Gwiazda M., Pawlikowska-Gwiazda A.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
|
vol. 29(2)
531-550
EN
The ancient topography of the settlement on the northeastern promontory at ‘Marea’ (North Hawariya) was the subject of investigations carried out at the site in 2018 within the frame of a broader excavation project. Fieldwork established the date of some structures recognized along an ancient road. The oldest remains turned out to be from the Roman period, when the promontory became a rubbish dump for production waste, mostly sherds of Amphores égyptienne 3 and 4, from the nearby pottery kilns. Two superimposed occupation levels were recognised, the earlier one from the beginning of the 3rd century AD or later, the later one from the 5th–6th century. The buildings followed a regular grid that fits into the overall plan of the town. The research has resulted in a better understanding of the changes occurring in this part of ‘Marea’.
17
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“Просторова оптика” урбанізму в українському контексті

63%
Фанагей Р. Д.
International Journal of Slavic Studies Transgressive, Pragmatic and Speculative Horizons of Popular Literature and Culture
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2021
|
vol. 1
|
issue 3
85-99
EN
The article is dedicated to the actualization of the interdisciplinary spatial perspective as a study of the experience of living-experiencing in the horizon of human history. Despite the fact that increasing attention to the problem of urban space in XX-XXI centuries is caused by intensive industrial and post-industrial urbanization, it's being considered that the city itself has always been the embodiment of social specialization. Now we observe not the formation of a new spatial subject of study, but the "spatialization" of the research perspective. The main trend of modern spatial theory is not just urbanism but its human dimension in sensory fragmentation. According to this, it is assumed that planning and studying of urban space abandon Modern unifying and rational representations of space and re-actualize the rejected sensorial spaces of representation. And although such postmodernization de-differentiation is not neoconservative, in the Ukrainian discourse, these searches for non-repressive solutions are often limited by "rethinking", re-actualization of pre-modern issues – the question of symbols, images, archetypes – or absolutizing of aesthetic-subjectivist perspective.
18
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Próba określenia i uporządkowania znaczeń związanych z geopoetyką

54%
Weretiuk O.
Porównania
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2012
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vol. 12
25-42
EN
The meanings of geopoetry were considered in its relation with: ecology and ecocriticism, geopolitics, regional literature, urbanism, space semantic studies, globetrotterism, with the help of exemplification of the selected fragments from Ukrainian, Russian, Polish and Canadian literature, as well as references to American literature. Six basic meanings of geopoetry were distinguished: (1) the original White’s geopoetics as study of Man-Earth relation; (2) the international intellectual and artistic literary movement (France, Scotland, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Canada, Russia, Ukrainian Crimea, Serbia), which was initiated by Kenneth White in France in 1989; (3) a certain way of perception of the world and artistic creation (artistic technique, designed for the poetry of the earth and understanding of one’s land); (4) works of literary art which were created with the help of such technique (geopoetry, which is not at all times identical with geographical/geological poetry – wider – with literary works created by geologists, geophysicists, etc. who disclose their professional subject – the earth (geo) on the thematic level of their literary works). (3) and (4), taken together, perform also the implementation of  White’s ideas; (5) geocriticism, a method of literary analysis and interpretation (in Bertrand Westphal’s and Robert T. Tally’s meaning, which is the creative continuation of White’s conception); (6) teaching activity.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę zdefiniowania pojęcia „geopoetyka”. W celu określenia i uporządkowania znaczeń związanych z geopoetyką wykorzystano przykłady z literatury ukraińskiej, rosyjskiej, polskiej, amerykańskiej i kanadyjskiej, jak też stosowano kilka wybranych relacji: geopoetyka – ekologia, ekokrytyka, geopoetyka – geopolityka, geopoetyka – regionalizm. Wyodrębniono sześć podstawowych znaczeń geopoetyki: (1) „studium związków intelektualnych i zmysłowych pomiędzy człowiekiem a Ziemią, pierwotna geopoetyka Kennetha White’a; (2) rozwijający się ruch intelektualny, artystyczno-literacki, kulturowy o wymiarze międzynarodowym (Francja, Szkocja, Belgia, Niemcy, Szwajcaria, Włochy, Kanada, Rosja, Ukraiński Krym, Serbia), zapoczątkowany przez szkockiego poetę, nauczyciela akademickiego i myśliciela Kennetha White’a we Francji w 1989 r.; (3) pewien sposób postrzegania świata i tworzenia dzieła sztuki (właściwa poetyka, warsztat, zespół środków ideowo-tematycznych podporządkowanych poetyce ziemi); (4) dzieła powstające w wyniku stosowania takiej praktyki (geopoezja, która nie zawsze jest tożsama z poezją geograficzną/geologiczną, czyli dziełami literackimi tworzonymi przez geologów, geofizyków etc. tematycznie ujawniających przedmiot ich zainteresowań profesjonalnych); (5) podejście badawcze, praktyka interpretacyjna, krytyczna (właściwie geokrytyka, m.in. w koncepcjach Bertranda Westphala, Roberta T. Tally’ego); (6) działalność dydaktyczna. Komplikują identyfikację geopoetyki zarówno jej wielowymiarowy status ontologiczny, jak jej interdyscyplinarny charakter, skłonność do zmian, hybrydowość i otwartość na obszary badań i obszary kultury związane z ich wspólnym przedmiotem zainteresowania (ziemia). Mimo to da się zauważyć, jak różni się ona od nich odmiennością punktów widzenia, kierunków zadawania pytań i akcentów w udzielaniu odpowiedzi.
19
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Po co urbanistyce transparentność dźwięku? Uwagi na marginesie polskiej ekspozycji na 13. Międzynarodowej Wystawie Architektury w Wenecji

51%
Popek P.
Estetyka i Krytyka
|
2016
|
issue 3(42)
127-144
EN
Reception of the word through the sound is commonly apprehended as a form of a supplement together with discernible content of the work. Elusiveness of the sensation spectrum, which is created by sound interventions in the public sphere, constitutes uncanny dynamism of such events. By means of the interpretation of Katarzyna Krakowiak’s sound sculpture dealing with etherealness of the sound, which took place in Pawilon Polski in 2012, not only is a change in the perspective of experiencing the pure art using sound induced, but also in determining the philosophy of hearing. What sort of ‘view’ or rather ‘sort of perception’ is activated by works whose the core essence is hearing sensation? What emotional, cognitive and practical dimension does interpreting such a sphere with sound have to post-communist city dwellers? What kind of transparency, then also clarity and visibility creates sound? Those inquiries indicate the range of exploration which determines issues addressed in the article.
20
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RUCH W KONCEPCYJNEJ ARCHITEKTURZE I URBANISTYCE XX WIEKU

51%
Cudzik J.
Przestrzeń, Ekonomia, Społeczeństwo
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2012
|
issue 2/II
63-72
PL
Artykuł opisuje zależność pomiędzy XX wiecznymi utopijnymi koncepcjami architektonicznymi zestawionymi z współcześnie realizowanymi obiektami lub prototypami, poprzez analizy wykorzystania ruchu w sztuce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem rzeźby i architektury. Ruch i dynamika od zawsze stanowiły element, który fascynował człowieka. Ruch pojawia się najpierw w rzeźbie za sprawą Marcela Duchampa, w ślad z jego dziełami idą między innymi Alexander Calder i George Ricky. Dopiero później architekci dostrzegają w nim element mogący zmienić sposób tworzenia i myślenia o architekturze. Jednym z pierwszych, którzy twierdzą, że architekturę i rzeźbę należy traktować jako tożsame, jedynie zróżnicowane skalą jest László Moholy-Nagy. Celem pracy jest opisanie oraz próba analizy podstaw idei ruchu w utopijnych koncepcjach architektonicznych i urbanistycznych XX wieku. Autor przedstawia reprezentatywne przykłady, a za takie uznaje teorie Yony Friedmana, japoński Metabolizm oraz koncepcje Archigramu. Zestawia je ze współcześnie realizowanymi obiektami lub prototypami - apartamentem Garego Changa i Muscle NSA autorstwa ONL. Praca stanowi próbę poszukiwania analogii pomiędzy wyżej wymienionymi koncepcjami, a współcześnie stosowanymi rozwiązaniami. Autor zauważa, że współcześni architekci bardzo chętnie wykorzystują, po odpowiednich modyfikacjach i doprecyzowaniu, koncepcje powstałe wcześniej jako wyłącznie utopijnie wizje.
EN
Article describes the relationship between utopian ideas of the twentieth century juxtaposed with contemporary architectural structures or prototypes through the analysis of the use of movement in art, focusing on sculpture and architecture. Motion and dynamics have always been part of what has fascinated humans. The movement appears first in sculpture through Marcel Duchamp, he is followed by Alexander Calder and George Ricky. Afterwards architects saw in movement an element that could change the way of thinking about development of contemporary architecture. One of the first who claim that the architecture and sculpture should be regarded as the same, the only difference being the scale, was László Moholy-Nagy. Main aim of this study is to describe and attempt to analyse the basis of the idea of utopian movement in architecture and urban planning concepts of the twentieth century. The author presents representative examples for the theories considering Yona Friedman, Japanese Metabolism and Archigram concepts and comparing them with contemporary objects or prototypes, for example Gary Chang apartment and ONL’s Muscle NSA. The work is an attempt to seek analogies between the above-mentioned concepts and solutions used today. The author notes that contemporary architects are eager to use the concepts of earlier utopian visions.
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