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PL
Kwas usninowy, należący do kwasów porostowych, odznacza się szerokim spektrum aktywności biologicznej, m.in. działa przeciwdrobnoustrojowo, przeciwzapalnie i promieniochronnie. Znajduje zastosowanie jako składnik leków roślinnych i produktów kosmetycznych. W pracy badano wpływ bazy kosmetycznej (typu emulsji i stopnia rozdrobnienia fazy wewnętrznej) na kinetykę uwalniania kwasu usninowego. Otrzymano dwa typy emulsji – O/W i W/O, o różnym stopniu rozdrobnienia fazy zdyspergowanej, zawierające 0,05% w/w kwasu usninowego. Dla otrzymanych produktów przeprowadzono badania właściwości fizykochemicznych (typ emulsji, stabilność, lepkość, pH, rozmiar kropli fazy zdyspergowanej). Badanie uwalniania kwasu usninowego przeprowadzono w układzie termostatowanych komór dyfuzyjnych, stosując błonę dializacyjną z regenerowanej celulozy. Jako roztwór akceptorowy zastosowano mieszaninę alkoholu etylowego i buforu fosforanowego (PBS) o pH = 7,4 w stosunku EtOH/PBS = 10/90 v/v. Stężenie uwolnionego kwasu analizowano za pomocą spektrofotometru UV-Vis. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że emulsje typu O/W w porównaniu z emulsjami typu W/O stanowią dużo skuteczniejszą formę podawania kwasu usninowego do skóry. Po 24 godz. z emulsji typu O/W przeniknęło do roztworu akceptorowego ok. 45% stężenia początkowego kwasu, podczas gdy z emulsji typu W/O ok. 18%.
EN
Usnic acid is a type of lichen acid which exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activity, functioning as an antimicrobial, an anti-inflammatory and a UV-filter. It is used as an active ingredient in herbal medicines and cosmetics products. Its influence as a cosmetics base, including through properties such as emulsion type or degree of internal phase droplet size, on the release of usnic acid, was studied. Two types (O/W, W/O) of usnic acid – loaded, stable emulsions with varying degrees of dispersion of the dispersed phase were obtained. The concentration of usnic acid in all of the formulations studied was 0.05% w/w. The formulations’ physicochemical properties, including stability, viscosity, pH and the droplet size of the dispersed phase, were evaluated. The kinesis of the usnic acid’s release was performed in a thermostatic diffusion chamber, at a temperature of T = 32°C, using dialysis membranes of regenerated cellulose. A mixture of phosphate buffer (PBS) and ethanol (EtOH), in 90/10, PBS/EtOH, volume ratio, was used as an acceptor solution. The concentration of released usnic acid was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the O/W emulsions, as compared to W/O emulsions, are a much more effective means of administering usnic acid to the skin. After 24 hours, approx. 45% of the initial acid concentration penetrated into the acceptor solution from O/W emulsion, while from the W/O emulsion the released amount was about 18%.
2
70%
EN
The existence of Satan, who may even nowadays possess an object, a place or a person with God’s consent, is widely recognised within the Christian Church. Demonic tormenting of a person may manifest itself either by means of an ordinary action (temptation) or an extraordinary action (up to possession). In the presence of so varied, more and more sublime forms of temptation, both the ability to identify the presence of the Evil One in the world and the need not to disregard his power are crucial. The role of exposing the evil spirit and freeing persons dependent, at various levels, on the devil is closely connected to the ministry of priest-exorcists, for whom it is also a form of a social duty. From this perspective the real action of the evil spirit, the seriousness of the personal and social sins and the need for individual and community recognition may be observed more vividly.
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