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PL
The article concerns the concept of punishment as an act of communication. Some retributivsts (i.e. ‘positive’ retributivists) believe that punishment communicates a censure. The article’s central proposition is that the act of communication is, in fact, strongly connected with the criminal responsibility. Furthermore, responsibility should not be identified with punishment. The so called positive retributivists claim that in order to fulfill communication purposes, offender have to be punished. However, punishment seems to be conceptually independent of the process of moral communication. It is shown that communication is linked with the very idea of criminal responsibility and the censure should by communicated through responsibility. Therefore, the article offers the view of responsibility as a complex process. Responsibility is an important social practice which in many cases can substitute punishment, particularly in its communicative aspect.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza tych koncepcji mieszczących się w filozofii prawa Josepha Raza, które są przydatne do zbadania problemu uzasadnienia karania i granic prawa karnego. Punktem wyjścia jest zasada krzywdy, którą Raz rozważa w kontekście pojęcia autonomii jednostki. Autonomia jest – zasadniczo – wartością wymagającą ochrony. Wydaje się, że nawet w społeczeństwie liberalnym i demokratycznym zasada krzywdy może być odczytana w taki sposób, by uzasadnione było stosowanie kary w celu ochrony autonomii, czyli możliwości samodecydowania o sobie. Prawo karne może służyć ochronie takiej moralności, która będzie spójna z koncepcją człowieka jako podmiotu autonomicznej. Takie stanowisko jest do pogodzenia z pluralizmem aksjologicznym i nie oznacza automatycznie ingerencji w sumienia czy oceny moralne obywateli. Co więcej, w artykule sformułowane zostały ogólne uwagi polityczno-kryminalnej, których podstawą jest zasada kary jako racji ostatecznej i jednocześnie narzędzia ochrony wartości liberalnych i demokratycznych.
EN
This paper suggests that Raz’s concept of autonomy can be used in the philosophy of criminal law. Certainly, criminal law has limits. ‘Harm principle’ is one of the most important proposals for principled limits to the criminal law. Joseph Raz uses the harm principle in the context of the concept of the personal autonomy. It can be seen that his theory explains (partly) the problem of the justification of punishment and its limits (in the liberal societies). It is possible to justify the criminal law (or punishment) as an method of protection ‘collective goods’, and even liberal and democratic ordo iuris. It can be said that the law must be in some sense neutral. On the other hand, Raz claims the law must protect personal autonomy. This paper suggests that according to Raz’s philosophy of law a state might use criminal law to promote this morality which is coherent with the concept of the person as an autonomous (self-government) agent. Moreover, the article briefly examines three problems connected with punishment, i.e. axiological pluralism, paternalism and legal moralism, and their consequences for the practice of punishment (in the context of criminal policy)
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