From 2013 to 2014 Poland exported arms and military equipment that is worth approximately €336-395 million. There were several hundred transactions during a year. Considering the worth of the exported arms and equipment, the majority of exports consisted of aircraft, ammunition and equipment. In addition, Polish small arms and light weapons enjoy an excellent reputation abroad and therefore they also sold well. This results, among other things, from multilateral international cooperation within the framework of joint projects, and from the industry consolidation. The main end-users of these weapons were the USA, Algeria and Turkey. Considering the arms and military equipment exports from the international perspective, much better results than Poland’s are achieved (when analysing various factors) by Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic or Sweden. However, the coming years should bring about improvement of Polish exports, as arms and equipment will be exported by a corporate group, i.e. the Polish Armaments Group. This might strengthen Poland’s 10th position in Europe among exporter companies on the defence market. As well as traditional products, there appear new space and satellite technologies, which will allow Poland to widen the circle of foreign clients and to establish wider cooperation.
The armament from the Luboszyce culture is a true mix of influences coming either from the West, East or even the North. The contacts with the last of these have already been mentioned in the publications dealing with the cultural processes in the basins of middle Oder and Elbe rivers, however, in none of them was the true intensity of this phenomenon emphasized with proper strength. The purpose of this article is to change this situation by focusing on the category of shafted weapons’ heads. Scandinavianlike artifacts of this type from the territory of the Luboszyce culture are dated mostly within the C1b and C2 periods. However, some single loose (and thereby devoid of reliable context) finds that represent the head types of lesser chronological sensitivity might even be positioned as early as the phase C1a, while others as late as phase C3. The overall number of northern type spearheads is 19 from the total of 102 finds of this weapon category from the culture in question, which brings a strong 18% ratio. As far as javelin heads are concerned (3 are known from the discussed territory), all of tchem show Scandinavian influence. This means that the population of the Luboszyce culture maintained really intense contacts with the North in the very time of the unrests that led to the creation of the Danish bog deposits. In the discussed group of artifacts one peculiar feature can be observed. Many of the Scandinavian - like spearheads have a conic (or pyramid) – shaped area of transition between the socket and the leaf. Similar elements can be observed in late roman period spearheads both from the Northern circle and Przeworsk culture, but in either case they are rather infrequent. Within the Luboszyce culture spearheads with the mentioned feature constitute a 10% of the whole weapon category, while among Scandinavianinfluenced artifacts they fetch a 37%. This means that conic/pyramid - shaped socket/leaf transition is far more widespread among northern type spearheads from the Luboszyce culture than they are in genuine Scandinavian contexts. All these peculiarities deserve further, intensive and in-depth studies. Let’s hope further excavations and new finds as well as new research (including laboratory methods such as metallographic examination) of the existing artifacts will enable us to understand their significance better.
The cemetery in Sadzarzewice (former Sadersdorf) is one of the most important archaeological sites in Lower Lusatia and it dates back to the pre-Roman and Roman iron ages. It was included into the Luboszyce culture by Grzegorz Domański in his work from 1979. Along with two other cemeteries, located nearby in Grabice and Luboszyce, the Sadzarzewice complex constitutes the oldest chronological horizon of this taxonomic group, and the region is regarded as the starting point of its later expansion. Despite the site’s great significance for the prehistory studies of the Oder basin, its state of study is far from satisfactory. This is mostly due to the fact it was discovered and explored at the end of the XIXth century, that is in the time archaeological methods were still in development. Further complication was caused by the history of the region – nearly all of the artifacts were lost during WWII, and as an effect, the cemetery’s inventory is known only from a publication dating back to 1895. Nevertheless, during my research for my dissertation on the armament of the Luboszyce culture, I managed to identify a couple of those lost finds. This small group consisted of an ornamented spearhead, an untypical javelin- or arrowhead, and a shield grip. The total number of Roman iron age weapon and equestrian equipment finds from the cemetery is 41 – 4 swords, 2 sword scabbard belt loops, 2 axes, 6 spearheads, 2 javelin heads, 7 arrowheads, 4 shield bosses, 2 shield grips and 12 spurs. The artifacts from Sadzarzewice fit into the phase B2b–C2 (late 2nd–3rd cent. A.D.) range. Those weapons that were possible to date with considerable precision can be situated within the phase C1, some even can be as old as B2b, although there is no certain evidence of such early chronology. Another notable feature of the Sadzarzewice artifacts is the evidence of various interregional influences – either from the West (the Elbian circle) and East (the Wielbark and Przeworsk cultures) which phenomenon, although characteristic for the Luboszyce culture in general, is best observed in the early stages of this unit’s development.
An iron sword was found during the deepening of the Warta river bed in the mid-1960s. It was recovered from the river at the level of the former village of Kurów, presently a district of Konin (Fig. 1). The artefact is stored in the District Museum in Konin. The artefact was preserved in a good condition (Fig. 2). Its total length is 87.3 cm (originally 90 cm). The blade is double edged, tapering slightly towards the point. The cross-section is faceted, almost flat near the point. The flats are even. The cut of the edges is flat. The point is short, beveled into a sharp arc. The length of the blade is 78.6 cm; the length of the point is 5.3 cm; the width of the blade at the hilt is 5.3 cm; the width of the blade at the point is 4.3 cm. The blade corresponds to type B.II.1, cross-section type 11 in the classification of M. Biborski (Fig. 3), and the sword itself represents type Ejsbøl-Sarry, subtype 2 (M. Biborski, J. Ilkjær 2006, p. 259–271, fig. 117). Macroscopic observations (Fig. 5, 6) and a X-ray photo (Fig. 4) indicate that the pattern welding technique was used in making the blade. The ratio of the length of the blade to the hilt and the location of the center of gravity indicate that the sword was intended mainly for fighting from horseback. The most numerous finds of swords of the type Ejsbøl-Sarry come from the bog deposits in southern Scandinavia (Illerup and Ejsbøl), but they are also known from the territory of the Przeworsk Culture. Their chronology is quite wide. The earliest specimens found as it happens at the sites of the Przeworsk Culture are dated to the phase C2. The vast majority, however, comes from a later period – phase D. The stray find of the sword from Konin-Kurów should be associated with the Przeworsk Culture and dated generally to the phase C2–D. It is noteworthy that the sword from Konin-Kurów was found in a river. In the case of individual objects found in lakes or rivers, it is difficult to establish unequivocally whether we are dealing with an accidental loss, e.g., during a crossing, or with a sacrificial deposit.
W artykule przedstawiono problem modernizacji technicznej w Siłach Zbrojnych RP oraz Federacji Rosyjskiej. W obydwu państwach, od kilkunastu lat można zauważyć zwiększenie wysiłków mających doprowadzić do poprawy funkcjonowania sił zbrojnych oraz podwyższenia ilości nowoczesnego uzbrojenia. Na intensyfikację prac i działań we wspomnianym obszarze miało wpływ szereg istotnych czynników, które znacząco zwiększyły tempo procesów wymiany uzbrojenia. Artykuł przybliża proces realizacji Planów Modernizacji Technicznej Sił Zbrojnych, ich założenia oraz ocenę wykonania w Polsce oraz Federacji Rosyjskiej. Ponadto zaprezentowano najważniejsze reformy zmierzające do poprawy funkcjonowania sił zbrojnych oraz systematycznego wprowadzania do uzbrojenia nowoczesnych systemów. Zostały charakteryzowane najważniejsze i najciekawsze konstrukcje z punktu widzenia obronności kraju.
EN
The article presents the problem of technical modernization in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland and the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. In both countries, for more than ten years, one can notice increased efforts to improve the functioning of the armed forces and the increase in the amount of modern weapons. The intensification of works and activities in the above-mentioned area was affected by a number of important factors that significantly increased the speed of arms replacement processes. The article introduces the process of implementation of Plans for Technical Modernization of the Armed Forces, their assumptions and evaluation of performance in Poland and the Russian Federation. Moreover, the most important reforms aimed at improving the functioning of the armed forces and the systematic introduction of modern systems into the armaments were presented. The most important and the most interesting constructions from the point of view of national defense were characterized.
An urn grave 93 from cemetery of the Przeworsk culture was furnished with opulent set of arms: a sword, two spearheads and shield fittings, all ritually destroyed according to burial custom of the Przeworsk culture. A shield-boss, of type Jahn 7, has broken spike. Bronze rivets, coated with silver sheet are flattened. Inside the boss were stored small objects, a not rare phenomenon in the Przeworsk culture. A shield grip, of type Jahn 8, has rectangular bronze plates covered with thin layer of silver, with small silver studs, and decorative rosettes. Crests separating rivet plates from a handle are covered with silver sheet, and decorated with filigree plait. A big number of iron U-shaped edge mountings, elaborately destroyed, allows a cautious reconstruction of a shield-form – it should be rectangular/oval. An evidence, that shields of such shape were used in the Przeworsk culture, could be finds of miniature shields (e.g. Siemiechów, grave 46). Some analogies are also outside the Przeworsk culture, e.g. preserved in situ shield from grave 19 in Hunn, Norway. Grave 93 is dated to phase B2 of the Roman Period. All finds have no traces of fire, so they weren’t put on the pyre but were deposited directly in grave pit. A shield was disfigured. Edge mountings were irregularly dispersed in grave pit, some pieces were inside shield boss. They must be torn away from the shield planks. A shield boss was deposited more then 40 cm apart from the grip. The urn were placed in the middle.
The article presents the conditions and scope of non-refundable military aid provided by PRL to states and national liberation movements in the Third World. Available documents show that during the Cold War the authorities in Warsaw – compared to other Soviet bloc countries, especially Czechoslovakia and the GDR – pursued a fairly limited policy of arming state and non-state actors in the Global South. This policy was manifested by a cautious approach to requests for the free transfer of armaments and in the thorough investigation by the communist authorities of the position of other socialist countries before deciding on arms shipments. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam received the most aid – it was systematically equipped with modern military equipment between 1965 and 1975. Aid was also provided, to a much lesser extent, to the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen, Ethiopia and Nicaragua, as well as to national liberation movements such as SWAPO, MPLA, PAIGC, FRELIMO and ZAPU. Free military aid was not treated by the communist authorities as a strategic tool for building influence in the Third World.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono uwarunkowania i zakres bezzwrotnej pomocy wojskowej, udzielanej przez PRL państwom i ruchom narodowowyzwoleńczym w Trzecim Świecie. Z dostępnych dokumentów wynika, że w okresie zimnej wojny władze w Warszawie – w porównaniu z innymi państwami bloku sowieckiego, zwłaszcza z Czechosłowacją i NRD – prowadziły dosyć ograniczoną politykę dozbrajania podmiotów państwowych i niepaństwowych na Globalnym Południu. Przejawiało się to w ostrożnym podejściu do próśb o bezpłatne przekazywanie uzbrojenia oraz w dokładnym badaniu przez władze peerelowskie stanowiska innych krajów socjalistycznych przed podjęciem decyzji o wysyłce uzbrojenia. Największą pomoc otrzymała Demokratyczna Republika Wietnamu, która była w latach 1965–1975 systematycznie wyposażana w nowoczesny sprzęt wojskowy. O wiele mniejszej pomocy udzielano Ludowo-Demokratycznej Republice Jemenu, Etiopii i Nikaragui, a także ruchom narodowowyzwoleńczym, takim jak: SWAPO, MPLA, PAIGC, FRELIMO i ZAPU. Bezpłatna pomoc wojskowa nie była również traktowana przez władze PRL w kategoriach strategicznego narzędzia budowania wpływów w Trzecim Świecie.
Artykuł stanowi drugą część przeglądu uzbrojenia armii państw muzułmańskich – jest kontynuacją artykułu z tomu 16 „Przeglądu Geopolitycznego” (s. 59-76). Jego celem jest zestawienie materiału faktograficznego niezbędnego z punktu widzenia analiz potęgometrycznych i geostrategicznych. Dane dotyczące uzbrojenia armii uzupełniono szczegółowymi informacjami o przemyśle zbrojeniowym państw muzułmańskich oraz ich powiązaniach i współpracy wzajemnej jak i z innymi podmiotami.
EN
This is the second part of a review of equipment in hands of Muslim states armies. It includes the Muslim states of the Middle East, Turkestan and Southern Asia, as well as the Muslim states of the Balkans. This review should serve for future powernomics ratings and for creation of geopolitical scenarios. The information and data concerning Muslim states armies which are included in the paper, were supplemented by verified data on armament industries in these countries. In conclusion, after presentation of contemporary state of the military affairs the possible future scenarios and the future probable geopolitical interactions have been suggested. They were presented on both the civilizational level and the regional one.
Artykuł stanowi przegląd uzbrojenia państw muzułmańskich i jest podzielony na dwie części z racji swej obszerności. Część pierwsza dotyczy państw muzułmańskich Afryki. Przegląd ten ma służyć późniejszym ocenom potęgometrycznym i geopolitycznym. Zawarte zebrane informacje i dane o stanie armii państw muzułmańskich uzupełnione są o współczesny przemysł zbrojeniowy tych państw. We wnioskach odniesiono się do stanu faktycznego i oceniono możliwe przyszłe scenariusze wydarzeń na arenie międzynarodowej, wynikające z zachwiania strategicznej równowagi zarówno na poziomie cywilizacyjnym, jak i regionalnym.
EN
The article contains a review of arms in hands of muslim states armies. Part I includes states in Africa, and second part include states of Middle East, Central and Southern Asia, and also a few states of Europe. This review of contemporary armaments should serve for future powernomics ratings and for creating geopolitical scenarios. Gathered information and data about muslim states armies, which are included in this paper, were supplemented by verified data on armaments industries of these countries. In conclusion, after presentation of contemporary state of the military affairs there are possible future scenarios and future probable interactions due to that geopolitical situation. It was presented on civilization level as well as regional one.
W artykule zaprezentowano restrukturyzację i przekształcenia polskiego przemysłu zbrojeniowego i jego zaplecza badawczo-rozwojowego po zakończeniu zimnej wojny i rozpoczęciu transformacji ustrojowej, czego efektem jest jego konsolidacja w postaci Polskiej Grupy Zbrojeniowej. Przedstawiono jego szanse na coraz bardziej konkurencyjnym europejskim i światowym rynku uzbrojenia. Ukazano także możliwości i ofertę polskiego przemysłu obronnego i jego zaplecza badawczo-rozwojowego. Autorzy postulują, aby do Polski została przeniesiona produkcja przynajmniej niektórych elementów kupowanego zagranicą uzbrojenia, którego nasz przemysł nie jest w stanie obecnie samodzielnie wyprodukować. Wskazują także na możliwości poprawy kondycji polskiej zbrojeniówki poprzez podniesienie wydatków na obronność do 2,5% PKB pod warunkiem, że conajmniej 75% potrzebnego uzbrojenia będzie produkowane w kraju. Artykuł zakończono wnioskami dotyczącymi przyszłości polskiego przemysłu obronnego.
EN
The article presents the restructuring and transformation of the Polish arms industry and its research and development base after the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the systemic transformation, which results in its consolidation in the form of Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa (Polish Armaments Group). Its chances on an increasingly competitive European and world arms market were presented. The possibilities and offer of the Polish defense industry and its research and development facilities are also presented. The authors postulate that production of at least some elements of arms purchased abroad, which our industry is unable to produce on its own, has been transferred to Poland. They also point to the possibility of improving the condition of the Polish arms industry by raising defense spending to 2.5% of GDP, provided that at least 75% of the necessary armaments will be produced in the country. The article is ended with conclusions regarding the future of the Polish defense industry.
The armed conflict in Donbass revealed the catastrophic preparation of the Ukrainian army to carry out combat actions. Due to the critical course of events that took place on the battlefield proposals turned up in Poland to rearm the Ukrainian army with the arms taken from the Polish resources and to train its personnel. They do not comply with the Ukrainian reality, while very often Ukraine has more modern military equipment than Poland – before the war it was one of the world leaders of weapon export and what is the most important, its problem is not the lack of arms, but the gaps in the training of the higher-rank officers. The aim of the article is to present the local conditions as confronted with Polish possibilities. The Polish proposals of helping Ukraine must be well calculated, so that their execution indeed strengthens the armed forces of Ukraine and does not serve only as propaganda
PL
Konflikt zbrojny w Donbasie ujawnił katastrofalne przygotowanie armii ukraińskiej do prowadzenia działań bojowych. Wobec krytycznego rozwoju sytuacji na polu walki pojawiły się w Polsce propozycje dozbrojenia armii ukraińskiej uzbrojeniem z polskich zasobów oraz przeszkolenia jej personelu. Nie odpowiadają one realiom ukraińskim, ponieważ Ukraina ma często więcej nowszego sprzętu wojskowego niż Polska, była przed wojną jednym ze światowych liderów eksportu broni, a co najważniejsze jej problemem nie jest brak uzbrojenia, tylko braki w wyszkoleniu wyższej kadry oficerskiej armii ukraińskiej. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie lokalnych uwarunkowań w konfrontacji z polskimi możliwościami. Polskie propozycje pomagania Ukrainie muszą być dobrze skalkulowane, aby ich realizacja faktycznie wzmocniła siły zbrojne Ukrainy, a nie służyła jedynie do celów propagandowych.
The article is devoted to the organisation and armament of the forces that defeated the Tatars in the Battle of Kletsk of 1506, presented against the background of the military system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the end of the fifteenth and in the early sixteenth century.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na zagadnieniach organizacji i uzbrojenia oddziałów litewskich, które pokonały Tatarów w bitwie pod Kleckiem w 1506 r., na tle systemu militarnego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego na przełomie XV i XVI stulecia.
W artykule poddano analizie przemiany uzbrojenia indywidualnego wojska polskiego na przełomie średniowiecza i nowożytności z punktu widzenia teorii rewolucji militarnej. Dowiedziono, że w omawianym okresie miała miejsce tzw. gunpowder revolution. Jest to jedna z cech dystynktywnych rewolucji militarnej, co więcej, można ją zaobserwować wcześniej niż w Europie Zachodniej. Mimo to na dłuższą metę nie przyniosła zmian w strukturze administracji wojskowej, a w dalszej konsekwencji w administracji państwowej.
EN
The article features an analysis of the changes in the armament of the Polish Army soldiers at the turn of the Middle Ages and the early modern period from the point of view of the theory of military revolution. It is demonstrated that the so-called gunpowder revolution occurred in the discussed period. It is one of the characteristic features of the military revolution, with the changes in Poland preceding similar transformations in Western Europe. Nonetheless, in the long term the revolution did not bring about changes in the administrative structure of the military and, consequently, in the state administration.
Hand defenses from the early 1420s consisted of plate gauntlets whose elements were riveted to the leather base. First mentions about gauntlets created from small metal plates appeared in the last decade of the 13th c. One of gives a description about gauntlets made by the armourers in Paris in 1296, which were made in the same manner as coat-of-plates. Metal plates were riveted to the textile or leather base or between layers of material. In form they were familiar to the pieces which can often be seen on illuminations or tombstones from first quarter of the 14th c. in Western Europe. They remained in common use until the third quarter of this century. Around the year 1350 demi-gauntlets similar in shape to hourglass appeared. They were usually created from one piece of metal. They protected the wrist and had usually anatomically formed metacarpus. Fingers were protected by small overlapping metal scales riveted to the leather stripes which were attached to the gauntlet’s metacarpus. After the year 1370, demi-gauntlets became the dominant form of hand protection.
During archaeological excavations conducted on the site of the relics of manor houses in Kozłów, Silesia province, an impressive set of stove tiles has been discovered. Some of the tiles’ facings were decorated with representations that are interesting iconographic sources for the study of early medieval arms. The first tile was discovered in the remains of the manor from the late 15th and 16th c. Facing of this tile is decorated with a side profile of the rider’s head in a closed helmet with a crest. Visual presentation is not so detailed and not all the details of surface texture are sharp. The portrayed helmet is probably a tournament example called the frog face helm. Its bell is crowned with an extensive crest, which is an oval with short and long feathers modeled in different directions. At the back of the bell there are ribbon like mantlings visible. Due to the lack of large part of the tile it is difficult to determine whether the visible crested helm was a part of a heraldic motif or whether it was connected with representations of knightly culture such as tournament scenes for example. The first possibility seems more likely. The second tile was found in layers associated with the manor which functioned in the 16th century. The presentation on the facing of tile refers to a series of woodcuttings created by the German renaissance painter Georg Pencz, gathered under one title of Twelve Heroes of the Old Testament. These works were inspired by the text of the poem by Hans Sachs from 1531. The author was glorifying the heroic exploits of the twelve heroes from the Old Testament: Joshua, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, Jonathan, David, Abia, Azah, Josaphat, Amazia, Hezekiah and Judas Maccabeus, portraying them as symbols of the defenders of Christianity. Facing of the tile from Kozłów is ornamented with the image of Juda’s king Amazia. Similar to a Pencz’s graphic, he has been presented in an armour with his head and torso slightly turned to the left. The whole scene was made with high attention to the details, which allows us to make some valuable observations on the components of the armour. The helm is a close helmet with bevor and gorget, depicted with a lifted visor. The torso is protected with a bulging breastplate with fauld attached below. The arm is covered with a massive overlapping breastplate pauldrons and bulging rerebrace. In the lower part, at the height of faulds, there is a visible fragment of a sword hilt, one and a half or two-handed, topped with an oval pommel. A similar suit of armour, often called Maximilian armour, was used in Europe since the 1630s. Armour of this type was popular at that time in Silesia as well, what is indicated by the numerous tombstone representations.
By analysing the contents of a note published in the “Oder-Zeitung” newspaper on 9 August 1937, three hitherto unknown archaeological discoveries have been introduced into scientific circulation: a Wielbark Culture grave from phase B2a from Sławianowo, a hoard of bronze objects from the Late Bronze Age from Stare Gronowo and a Lusatian Culture cemetery from Stobno. The finds from the first of the abovementioned localities were used to cross-check the earlier discoveries from the village in question, often erroneously quoted in the literature. It has been concluded that it cannot be ruled out that two Wielbark Culture cemeteries existed in this locality. A question mark was also placed over the Wielbark culture interpretation of the inhumation burials uncovered in 1907. It has been proven that the spearheads found in Sławianowo before 1907 are not, as it was assumed, elements of Wielbark Culture weaponry and should instead be dated to the Late Pre-Roman Period. Therefore, the information about settlement by the Middle Noteć River (between the rivers Drawa and Łobżonka) in that period has been re-checked, pointing to many more sites than it is believed in the latest literature (Fig. 2). The new compilation includes 16 discoveries that can be linked to the Jastorf culture, and four more that likely represent it. Also included are 13 sites that may represent settlement activity from the time when the Sławianowo spearheads were deposited. The issue of the cultural attribution of these finds has been, for the time being, left open. It has been shown once more that the central section of the Noteć Valley is still an unexplored cultural zone with an extremely attractive research potential, especially in regard to the time between the disappearance of the Pomeranian Culture and the point when it was settled by the Wielbark Culture people. The devastation of war painfully affected museum collections and archives storing information on the activities of archaeologists. The analysed press release confirms the thesis of an underestimated value of press publications, not only for reconstructing the lost knowledge about artefacts but also for tracing the history of archaeological research and the development of this discipline.
PL
Na podstawie analizy treści notatki zamieszczonej 9 sierpnia 1937 roku w „Oder-Zeitung“, wprowadzono do obiegu naukowe trzy nieznane dotąd odkrycia archeologiczne: grób kultury wielbarskiej z fazy B2a z miejscowości Sławianowo; skarb brązowych przedmiotów z młodszej epoki brązu z miejscowości Stare Gronowo i cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej z miejscowości Stobno. Znaleziska z pierwszej z wymienionych miejscowości posłużyły do weryfikacji wcześniejszych dokonanych tam odkryć, często mylnie cytowanych w literaturze. Ustalono, że nie można wykluczyć, iż na terenie tej miejscowości istniały dwie nekropolie kultury wielbarskiej. Postawiono też znak zapytania przy interpretacji kulturowej pochówków inhumacyjnych odsłoniętych w roku 1907, podważając ich wielbarską interpretację. Udowodniono, że groty znalezione w Sławianowie przed rokiem 1907 nie są, jak przyjęto, elementami uzbrojenia kultury wielbarskiej i należy je datować na młodszy okres przedrzymski. W związku z tym zweryfikowano informacje na temat osadnictwa w tym okresie nad środkową Notecią (na odcinku po-między Drawą i Łobżonką), wskazując na znacznie więcej stanowisk, niż sądzi się w najnowszej literaturze (Ryc. 2). W nowym zestawieniu znalazło się 16 odkryć, które można powiązać z kulturą jastorfską, oraz cztery dalsze z dużym prawdopodobieństwem ją reprezentujące. Zestawiono również 13 stano-wisk, które mogą reprezentować aktywność osadniczą z czasów złożenia do ziemi grotów ze Sławianowa. Określenie kulturowe tych znalezisk pozostawiono, póki co, otwartym. Wykazano ponownie, że środkowy odcinek doliny Noteci jest ciągle nierozpoznaną strefą kulturową o niezwykle atrakcyjnym potencjale poznawczym, szczególnie dla czasów pomiędzy zanikiem kultury pomorskiej a momentem zasiedlenia jej przez ludność kultury wielbarskiej. Zniszczenia wojenne boleśnie dotknęły zasoby muzealne i archiwa przechowujące informacje o działalności archeologów. Analizowana notatka prasowa jest potwierdzeniem dla tezy o niedocenionej wartości publikacji prasowych dla rekonstrukcji utraconej w ten sposób wiedzy nie tylko o zabytkach, ale również dla śledzenia dziejów badań archeologicznych i rozwoju dyscypliny.
Powierzchnie tarcz dekorowano już od czasów antycznych. Motywem często powtarzanym w ich zdobnictwie były wizerunki złych oczu, potworów, mitycznych zwierząt (signa horribilia) (ryc. 1). Wyobrażenie z tarczy zwiększało apotropeicznie, ochronne właściwości tarczy. Popularnym motywem twarzy pojawiającym się także na tarczach w tym czasie był również emblemat lwiej fizys czy postaci ze stylizowanymi zwierzęcymi uszami, przywołujące skojarzenie z postacią mitologicznego satyra oraz personifikacji ciał niebieskich: Słońca i Księżyca. Na ołtarzach powstałych w pracowniach czeskich na tarczach odnajdujemy również maski liściaste lub okolone motywami roślinnymi, które interpretuje się jako przedstawienie dzikiego męża. Jedyne znane dotychczas przedstawienie tarczy z analogicznym motywem z terenu Polski pochodziło ze sceny Ukrzyżowania Chrystusa wyobrażonej na freskach z kościoła św. Marcina w podżagańskim Wichowie, datowanych na 2. ćwierć XV wieku (ryc. 2:1). Na łamach artykułu omawiamy kolejne ze sceny Ukrzyżowania: zawartej w Brewiarzu z ok. 1420 (ryc. 2:3), z Biblii Sacra Veteri et Novi Testamenti (tzw. Biblia Banków), z około 1427 roku (ryc. 2:4), fresków z kaplicy Świętej Trójcy na zamku w Lublinie (ryc. 2:2) oraz z kwatery figuralnej Zmartwychwstanie ołtarza z Brodnicy (pow. śremski), datowanego tuż na początek XVI w. (ryc. 3). Protekcyjne przedstawienie twarzy jest kolejnym motywem o antycznych korzeniach, który znalazł swoje miejsce w kulturze wieków średnich i dekoracji średniowiecznego uzbrojenia.
EN
Shield surfaces have been decorated since ancient times. Often repeated motifs included images of evil eyes, monsters, or mythical animals (signa horribilia) (Fig. 1). Depictions on shields were apotropaic – they increased its protective properties. Popular face motifs that also appeared on the shields at that time were lion emblems; figures with stylized animal ears, which evoked an association with the figure of a mythological satire; and the personification of celestial bodies: the Sun and the Moon. On altars created in Bohemian workshops we also find deciduous or planted masks with floral motifs on the shields, which are interpreted as a representation of wild man. The only shield with a similar motif from Polish lands known to this day came from the scene of the Crucifixion of Christ depicted on frescoes from the church of St. Marcin in Wichów near Żagań, dated to the second quarter of the 15th century (Fig. 2: 1). In the article we discuss depictions of the scene of Crucifixion in the following: a brewery from around 1420; the Collegiate Library in Głogów, University Library (Fig. 2:3); the Bible Sacra Veteri et Novi Testamenti (the so-called Bible of Banks) from circa 1427 (Fig. 2:4); frescoes from the Holy Trinity chapel at Lublin castle (Fig. 2:2); and the figural lodging of the Resurrection on an altar in Brodnica (Śrem county), dating back to the beginning of the 16th century (Fig. 3). Protective representation of the face is another motif with ancient roots, which found its place in the culture of the Middle Ages and the decoration of medieval arms and armour.
Few medieval swords have been found in Eastern Pomerania, in comparison with other areas of the old Polish state. No sword has been found which dates to the earlier part of the Middle Ages. The 6 oldest swords, dated to the 11th and 12th centuries, were discovered in graves. Some are beautifully decorated. Suggestions about where they were produced are not convincing. Analogies are known from Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic states, which were inhabited in the early Middle Ages by the Prussians. 5 swords from the 13th to the 15th centuries are random finds. Two of them bear the mark of a "running wolf". On one there is an inscription which has been differently read by different researchers. There is no analogy so far. Also discovered were 5 scabbard chapes. In three cases the technology employed in producing these swords was examined. One of them turned out to be a 19th century copy. The two authentic ones were made by bonding soft and hard iron rods. Finds of swords are concentrated in three parts of Eastern Pomerania, the three most important regions of settlement in this part of Poland.
This paper presents the development and tasks of the Armament Service (AS) in the Polish Army. The main aim of the article is to describe the development of the AS since its formal establishment in 1918 up until 1939. The first part of the paper describes the tasks and development of the Armament Service structures within the artillery. After that the organizational development of the AS and the choice of its field of action in the interwar period up until the outbreak of World War II were presented. The development of the service has been shown on the example of its central unit in the Ministry of Military Affairs – the Technical and Artillery Department, Artillery Department, the Department of Artillery and Weaponry, and the Department of Weaponry, as well as its subordinated service units on the level of Corps District Commands, depots, workshops and military units. Moreover, the article presents the role and tasks of the AS related to securing the appropriate use of equipment, its repairs, maintenance, storage and delivery. Then the most important tasks related to formulating regulations on the use of military equipment in the Polish Armed Forces were indicated.
RU
В статье показана деятельность и ее развитие в Службе вооружения Войска Польского. Основная идея этой статьи состояла в том, чтобы представить развитие Службы вооружения с момента ее формального основания в 1918 г. до 1939 г. В первой части статьи представлена задачи и развитие структур Службы вооружения в рамках артиллерии. Затем показано развитие в организации Службы, а также выборка реализованных ею задач в межвоенный период до начала Второй Мировой войны. Развитие службы показано на примере центрального учреждения службы в Министерстве военных дел – Техническо-артиллерийском Департаменте, Артиллерийском Департаменте, Департаменте артиллерии и вооружения, Департаменте вооружения, а также подчиняющихся ему подразделений Службы на уровне Командований Военных Округов, хранилищ, мастерских и военных единиц. Также в статье оговариваются роли и задачи Службы вооружения в сфере обеспечения эксплуатации техники вооружения, ее доставки, обслуживания, ремонта и хранения. Затем в статье указаны наиболее важные задачи, касающиеся разработки правил эксплуатации военной техники в Вооруженных силах Республики Польши.
PL
W artykule pokazane zostały rozwój oraz zadania służby uzbrojenia w Wojsku Polskim. Główną myślą przewodnią artykułu było przedstawienie rozwoju służby uzbrojenia od jej formalnego powołania w 1918 do 1939 r. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono zadania i rozwój struktur służby uzbrojenia w ramach artylerii. Następnie wskazano rozwój organizacyjny służby oraz wybór realizowanych przez nią zadań w okresie międzywojennym do momentu wybuchu II wojny światowej. Rozwój służby pokazany został na przykładzie centralnej komórki służby w Ministerstwie Spraw Wojskowych – Departamentów: Techniczno-Artyleryjskiego, Artyleryjskiego, Artylerii i Uzbrojenia i Departamentu Uzbrojenia oraz podległych mu branżowo komórek służby na szczeblu Dowództw Okręgów Korpusów, składnic, warsztatów oraz jednostek wojskowych. W artykule przedstawiono ponadto rolę i zadania służby uzbrojenia w zakresie zabezpieczenia eksploatacji sprzętu uzbrojenia, jego napraw, obsługiwań, przechowywania i dostaw. Następnie wskazano najważniejsze zadania w zakresie opracowywania przepisów dotyczących eksploatacji sprzętu uzbrojenia w Siłach Zbrojnych RP.
The article characterizes offset transactions and presents reasons for using offset mechanisms in global and European context management knowledge, with particular relation to Polish solutions in this area. To better present the issue, legal basis procedures for conclusions of offset contracts were discussed, and some examples of allocations in other countries in the world provided.
PL
W artykule scharakteryzowano transakcje offsetowe i przedstawiono przyczyny stosowania mechanizmów offsetowych w kontekście globalnym i zarządzania wiedzą, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem polskich w tym zakresie. Aby lepiej przedstawić problem, omówiono podstawy prawne zawierania umów offsetowych oraz przykłady alokacji w innych krajach świata.
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