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The  politics of European human rights culture

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Agha P.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 3
200-215
EN
a1_The issue of religious symbols in the public space has given rise to widespread debate on the scope of freedom of religion and of the State’s neutrality in various countries around the world. Over the years, it has become a source of vigorous legal and political controversy. In Europe in particular, this question chiefly concerns the wearing of headscarves. Bans (often formulated as either bans on headgear or as general bans on religious symbols or dress) have been introduced by many countries and in many areas of life. Islamic dress tends to be commonly perceived (at least in the west) as being associated with the subordination of young girls and women and the perceived link with what is commonly termed "Islamic fundamentalism". The wearing of religious symbols has been discussed both from a socio-political as well as legal perspective. These developments, particularly attempts to change a cultural reticence to publicly express faith into a legal obligation to refrain from religious expression in certain circumstances, have brought major challenges for European human rights law, most notably in relation to the wearing of religious dress. Although most European legal systems provide protection for religious freedom and to religious minorities, the scope of this protection is affected by many factors, such as history, (constitutional) traditions and social factors. In essence, the term European human rights culture developed in the interplay of jurisprudence between The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The text explores the two recent CJEU rulings and juxtaposes it against the recent developments in the ECtHR jurisprudence, focusing on how CJEU departs from the established manner set out by the ECtHR of dealing with cases involving the limitations on fundamental rights. The purpose of this is to present a reflection of the recent state of the European human rights culture, which has, in the past years, become very dynamic.
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Teatralita veřejných událostí - uvedení do problematiky

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Musilová M.
Theatralia: Revue současného myšlení o divadelní kultuře (Theatralia: The revue of contemporary thought on theatre culture)
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2014
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vol. 17
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issue 1
9-24
EN
The present paper introduces definitions of the key concepts that frame the research on the theatricality of public events held at the Department of Theatre Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, since 2010. The overview presents concepts such as theatricality, performance, and symbolic aspects of acting as well as the concept of "theatre as a cultural model" (i.e. theatre in the broad sense of meaning). Present research allows for the symbolic acts to be perceived as spontaneous; it also concentrates on the way in which acting in everyday life, and during public events is being made prominent by theatrical means (e.g. set, costumes, expressivity). More generally, exploring the limits of theatricality enables theatre scholars to open up their field for impulses from anthropology, sociology, and culturology, hence approach their subject of inquiry in a more interdisciplinary way.
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Sociální sítě a veřejný zájem

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Svoboda T.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2021
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vol. 160
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issue 7
580-596
EN
The main purpose of the paper is a basic reflection of the phenomenon of increasing importance of social media (as one of the types of so-called digital platforms) and their legal regulation in the context of public interest. Simply put, this phenomenon is the result of the transformation of the means of communication (from common forms of communication to online communication), which creates pressure on the adaptation of legislation in many areas. In the field of social media, it is true that these digital platforms are increasingly beginning to function as a kind of new public space which is factually managed by them (especially in the form of content moderation). However, public space (in its ordinary, “offline” meaning) is traditionally associated with a certain form of public regulation, with a certain public interest respectively. The same seems to be the case for the most influential social media. In this context, the text examines the possible relations between social media and the public interest and, in particular, argues that the current functioning of the most influential social media indicates the need for some (additional) legal reflection. At the basic level, the text also outlines some of the possible regulatory approaches.
CS
Text usiluje o základní reflexi jevu nárůstu významu sociálních sítí (jako jednoho z druhů tzv. digitálních platforem) a jejich právní regulace v kontextu veřejného zájmu. Zjednodušeně lze říci, že tento jev je důsledkem přeměny komunikačních prostředků (z běžných podob komunikace na komunikaci online), která vytváří tlak na adaptaci právní úpravy v mnohých oblastech. Pro oblast sociálních sítí pak platí, že tyto digitální platformy začínají čím dál více plnit funkci jakéhosi nového veřejného prostoru, který je jimi fakticky spravován (zejména v podobě obsahové regulace). Veřejný prostor (v jeho běžném, „offline“ významu) je ovšem tradičně spojen s jistou podobu veřejnoprávní regulace, respektive s určitým veřejným zájmem. Zdá se, že obdobně je tomu také v případě nejvlivnějších sociálních sítí. Text v této souvislosti zkoumá možné souvislosti sociálních sítí a veřejného zájmu a zejména argumentuje, že dosavadní fungování nejvlivnějších sociálních sítí nasvědčuje potřebě určité (dodatečné) právní reflexe. V základní rovině jsou v textu předestřeny také některé z možných regulatorních přístupů.
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High Line: chytrý design v kontextu udržitelného rozvoje

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Palacký J., Krištof M., Kubínová Š.
Urbanismus a územní rozvoj
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2017
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issue 1
17-27
EN
In 2003, an ideological tender for a new use of the High Line was announced by an organization called Friends of the High Line. At that time it had not yet been decided that the target solution would be a park, although a public space of this kind was needed in such a highly developed and densely populated part of the city. There was a reasonable supposition that its operation could be financed by contributions from the local community. The basic idea behind the design of the High Line park was that its authenticity should be preserved. The central motif of a garden originated thanks to the discovery of naturally growing plants on the construction. Today the High Line has the identity of a territory, stimulates economic development and attracts young people. At the same time, it is a space where local inhabitants can relax. In terms of the environment, the park contributes to a better microclimate, increases biodiversity and facilitates social contact among users. The High Line park also provides unique urban panoramas. Such a solution could be materialized under specific urban conditions only. An interview on these subjects was conducted with James Corner, designer of the landscape solution of the High Line on 3 November 2015 in the James Corner Field Operations studio on 10th Avenue (between 36th and 37th Streets) in New York’s Hell’s Kitchen quarter.
CS
Ideová soutěž na opětovné využití High Line byla vyhlášena organizací Friends of the High Line v roce 2003. Tehdy nebylo ještě rozhodnuto, že cílovým řešením by měl být park. V hustě zastavěné a osídlené části města však veřejný prostor – park značně absentoval. Existoval i důvodný předpoklad, že jeho provoz bude možné financovat za přispění místní komunity. Základní myšlenkou realizace parku High Line bylo zachování jeho autenticity. Ústřední téma zahrady vlastně vzniklo díky objevu přirozeně rostoucích rostlin na konstrukci. Řada podobných nálezů se stala významnou inspirací pro opětovné využití High Line jako parku. High Line dnes formuje identitu území, stimuluje jeho hospodářský rozvoj a přitahuje mladou generaci. Současně, z pohledu obyvatel, High Line představuje prostor, kde mohou relaxovat. Z hlediska životního prostředí přispívá park ke zlepšení mikroklimatu, zvyšuje biodiverzitu a umožňuje sociální kontakt uživatelů. Park High Line rovněž poskytuje jedinečné výhledy na městská panoramata. Představuje řešení, které bylo možné realizovat pouze v konkrétních, specifických podmínkách města. Rozhovor zaměřený na zmíněná i související témata byl veden se zahradním architektem a autorem krajinářského řešení High Line Jamesem Cornerem. Rozhovor se uskutečnil 3. listopadu 2015 v newyorském studiu James Corner Field Operations se sídlem v budově na 10. avenue mezi 36. a 37. ulicí v New Yorku (ve čtvrti „Hell’s Kitchen“).
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Využití umělé inteligence pro analýzu pohybu lidí ve veřejném prostoru. Případová studie Mariánské náměstí v Praze

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Zdráhalová J., Kurilla L., Prášek P., Berka Z.
Urbanismus a územní rozvoj
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2023
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issue 5
26-35
EN
The search for a relationship between the nature of public space and the ways in which people use that space is one of the standard tasks of urban design (Sitte, 2012; Whyte, 1980; Gehl, 1971; Lynch, 1960). Human activities in space and people's reactions to the urban and architectural characteristics of a place can be monitored through mental maps and interviews (Lynch, 1960; Benda et al., 1978), photographs and films (Whyte, 1980; Gehl, 1971), or through local experiences and observations, such as following people's routes by tracing a trampled footprint in the snow (Sitte, 2012). The knowledge gained is typically used to create an informed design of a public space that addresses, in particular, the usability of the space, safety issues, and the elimination of collisions between road traffic and people's residential activities. This text presents an urban experiment that tested the possibilities of involving artificial intelligence in mapping activities in public space. It presents the results of a four-year research, supported by TA ČR NCK TN01000024, which used CCTV camera recordings to monitor activities in a given public space. Specifically, we focused on Mariánské Square in the capital city of Prague, where five CCTV cameras that continuously monitored the space of the square were placed. Data collection took place in two cycles, each lasting four days. The first one took place in October 2019 before the reconstruction of the space, the second one a month later - after the road traffic in the square was regulated and new furnishing was added (Prague chairs, a large table, mobile flowerpots and concrete blocks to prevent the traffic). In both cases, the space was recorded from Thursday to Sunday to capture both the weekdays and the weekend. The collected data from the CCTV cameras was converted into trajectories using a neural network, which was used to create heatmaps. The heatmap shows the density of mobile and stationary activities of people in the square area. The physical space was described in terms of material design, height characteristics (curbs, stairs), location of furnishings, parking spaces and traffic organization. The heatmap intensity was compared with the physical characteristics of the space in order to find connections, relationships and a deeper understanding of the patterns of people's behaviour in the space. The comparison of the results of both observations showed how the specific design of the square influences the frequency of people in the space, increases residential activities and also leads to the use of elements in the space for new and unintended activities (for example, the use of concrete blocks as benches). The use of artificial intelligence to collect and interpret people's movements in public space has shown benefits that conventional participant observation does not provide. These include the objectivity of the collected data not burdened by the personalities of the observers, the comparability of data from different time periods, the possibility of accurately collecting data from large areas of public space, the possibility of accurately locating the trajectories of people in space, and the representation of dynamic patterns of space use. Furthermore, the data collected in this way allows for detailed interpretations of the relationship between people's trajectories, space characteristics and other environmental influences such as temperature, shading, noise pollution, etc., however, these are beyond the scope of this paper.
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Tento text zkoumá možnosti využití umělé inteligence pro interpretaci aktivit ve veřejném prostoru měst. Aplikací neuronové sítě na kamerové záznamy, které po čtyři dny snímaly aktivity na Mariánském náměstí v Praze, jsou vygenerovány trajektorie jednotlivých uživatelů prostoru. Promítnutím jejich přesné polohy do půdorysu náměstí získáváme tzv. heatmapy pohybu osob, tedy zobrazení hustoty trajektorií. Výhodou tohoto přístupu je získání velkého množství informací o pohybu v celé ploše náměstí v dlouhém časovém úseku. Oproti standardnímu zkoumání metodou zúčastněného pozorování nebo pouhým počítáním osob, které projdou přes určený práh, jsou tyto informace nezatížené osobou výzkumníka, jsou přesné a mapují prostor jako celek. Pro komplexnější obrázek o využití prostoru jsme vyvinuli sémantický anotátor – nástroj, pomocí kterého výzkumník přiřazuje na základě kamerových záznamů aktivity osob k jednotlivým trajektoriím. Větší automatizace celého procesu by umožnila provádět složitější úlohy o hledání vztahu mezi daným místem a aktivitami lidí v něm.
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