Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 18

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  verification
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Verification of a model as a scientific tool of operations research – a methodological approach

100%
RADOSIŃSKI E., RADOSIŃSKI Ł.
Operations Research and Decisions
|
2018
|
vol. 28
|
issue 3
45-62
EN
The aim of the research presented in this paper was to solve one of the fundamental problems of modelling and simulation, i.e., verification of a model as a scientific tool of operations research. To attack this problem, certain crucial issues in the philosophy of science (the demarcation problem, the principle of verifiability) must be redefined. In discussing the question of verification, a procedure (the so called RAD-VER procedure) for verifying a model of a microeconomic system, in our case – a firm, is formulated. It is assumed that verification is a ceaseless process of evaluating a model’s scientificity from the standpoints of deductive reasoning, coherency and empiricism. Verification has been divided into two stages: the verification of the assumptions underlying the model of a firm and the verification of the simulator.
2
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Construction of a flexible simulation model of a corporation

100%
RADOSIŃSKI E., RADOSIŃSKI Ł.
Operations Research and Decisions
|
2019
|
vol. 29
|
issue 1
75-95
EN
The instability of the real structure of a firm is one of the fundamental problems in simulating microeconomic systems. This paper proposes a method, called ACV (abstraction – gradual concretization – verification) for constructing a flexible simulation model of a corporation. This method is based on the assumption that an effective approach to simulating a microeconomic system should take into account the structural instability of the modelled object. Practical implementation of the ACV method is illustrated using the EK_AN simulator of a firm. The purpose of the simulator as a scientific tool of operations research is to analyse the relations of given inputs (decisions) with the short- and mediumterm forecasts of a firm’s economic performance.
3
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

The reliability of integrated reporting

100%
Zyznarska-Dworczak B.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
|
2018
|
issue 503
494-502
EN
This paper presents the conclusions from analyzing the reliability of integrated reporting in the light of the strategic and information-related paradigm of accounting. The study demonstrates the reliability in the light of international standards that standardize integrated reporting, according to which there is a need for the improvement of credibility. As a key form of improving the reliability of integrated reporting the author indicates an internal and external verification of financial data and non-financial disclosure, both based on accountability account related to a company’s responsibility. The purpose of the study was achieved by employing pertinent research methods, including in particular a critical analysis of scholarly literature and the method of analogy. The study is axiomatic in nature, based on fundamental accounting theory assumptions.
4
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Modeling the process of purchase payment as a constituent of information security in e-commerce

75%
SKITSKO V., IGNATOVA I.
Operations Research and Decisions
|
2016
|
vol. 26
|
issue 3
83-99
EN
A mathematical model of the process of payment for purchases in an online store has been pre-sented. The model belongs to the class of semi-open queueing networks with four phases of exponential servers and Poisson arrivals. The authors describe in detail the derivation of the equations describing the system. Analytic expressions are derived on the basis of the proposed model for the average number of online store customers who have already paid for goods. Practical implementation of the model allows us to determine the number of clients who have added goods to their cart, but have not yet passed through the payment verification system, and thus determine the stream of real customers of the online store.
5
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

THE SECURITY IDENTIFICATION IN TRANSFORMATION OF TIME

75%
Porada V., Bruna E.
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
|
2016
|
vol. 22(22)
384-398
EN
This article contains summary of kinds and theoretical base of security and criminalistic identification in transformation of time. Systematization of terms, principles and methods of identification can be performed with regard to various criteria with consideration to possibilities of using new information and communication technologies, which allowed application of systematic attitude and biometrical identification. The most common meaning of identification is connected with determination of identity and with using of results of identification as a part of testifying in the criminal proceedings, but the necessity of identification of security activities can also not be overlooked.
6
Content available remote

Ryle, čtenář Austenové : Behaviorismus jako průhled do lidských srdcí

75%
Beran O.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
|
2018
|
vol. 66
|
issue 1
75-96
EN
The article offers and discusses a possible understanding of Ryle’s behaviourism against the background of Ryle’s philosophical reflections on the novels of Jane Austen. The first part presents Ryle’s account of Austen’s charaterology as an Aristotelian anthropology (people do not divide into the good and the bad, rather each one presents a concrete exemplification of a series of heterogenous traits) and its philosophi­cal setting in virtue theory. In the second part I examine how Ryle’s dispositional analysis can be applied to more complex character traits too: character traits should be understood as dispositions with an open spectrum of behavioural expressions, to which we lend a certain quality (extending also into behavior that goes “against the disposition”). In the third part, with the help of a (Wittgensteinian) concept of verification, I reconstruct a hypothetical Ryle-Wittgenstein conception of behaviourism as the specific analysis of the relation between non-identical, though inseparable, reports of behavior and reports of the “mental”: reports about concrete expressions and acts are the only means by which a meaningful dispute about the sense and accuracy of reports about character traits can be conducted. In the final, fourth, part I add some notes on the question of how the two types of report can throw light on each other. The ability to know character traits is a specific kind of perceiving or seeing (which exercises itself on people who express themselves in different ways, but which does not amount to a peering “within” their minds or heads), at the root of which is an ability to judge which requires cultivation.
7
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Weryfikując modele mentalne tłumaczenia: atuty i pułapki okulografii

75%
Płużyczka M.
Studia Translatorica
|
2019
|
issue 10
41-63
EN
In the article, the author shows how the research technology can increase our understanding of what is going on in the translator’s mind. She points out some of the advantages that the eye tracking method has in verifying the previous assumptions related to mental models of translation activity. On the basis of the author’s eye tracking research conducted in the recent years, she demonstrates the most interesting results related to mental processes involved in translation, but also shows the selected methodological pitfalls of eye tracking, and relatedly defines methodological challenges in this range of translation-oriented research for the nearest future.
8
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Trudności eklezjalnej recepcji objawień prywatnych

75%
Perszon J.
Studia Koszalińsko-Kołobrzeskie
|
2019
|
issue 26
133-164
PL
Obchodzone niedawno stulecie objawień fatimskich oraz wątpliwości związane z Medjugorie dowodzą, że kwestia tzw. objawień prywatnych jest w Kościele katolickim ciągle aktualna. W opracowaniu zasygnalizowano trudności terminologiczne, jakie teologia napotyka w zdefiniowaniu tych zjawisk (jawienia, widzenia, natchnienia, doświadczenia mistyczne). Odniesiono się też – per analogiam – do objawienia biblijnego i form jego zaistnienia. Obfitość nowych objawień prywatnych każe zapytać o ich oddziaływanie na życie Kościoła: jego modlitwę, sferę wiary i postawy moralne wiernych. Komunikacja elektroniczna (Internet) błyskawicznie upowszechnia nadzwyczajne zdarzenia (znaki, widzenia), faktycznie uniemożliwiając Magisterium Kościoła skuteczne wykonywanie jego zadania, tj. rozpoznania i weryfikacji ich wiarygodności. W rozpoznaniu prawdziwości Bożych znaków teolodzy zwracają uwagę na ważną funkcję pobożności ludowej oraz sensus fidelium. Część trzecia referuje stosowane w Kościele kryteria rozpoznawania tzw. objawień prywatnych: zbadanie okoliczności, adresata objawień, jego świadków, wreszcie zaś oznak jego wiarygodności. Kazus Medjugorie, gdzie domniemane mariofanie trwają od roku 1981, pokazuje, że proces rozeznawania autentyczności Bożych znaków bywa bardzo trudny. Z jednej strony – co do wiarygodności objawień – są negatywne orzeczenia biskupów miejsca, z drugiej milionowe rzesze pielgrzymujących do Medjugorie. Decyzja Stolicy Apostolskiej, określająca Medjugorie jako „miejsce modlitwy”, a nie objawień, jest wyrazem „cierpliwości”, z jaką do takich fenomenów podchodzi Kościół.
EN
The centenary of the Fatima apparitions that has been recently celebrated and the doubts about Medjugorje prove that the issue of private revelations is still present in the Catholic Church. The study indicates the terminological difficulties in defining these phenomena (discovery, vision, inspiration, mystical experience). It also refers – per analogiam – to a biblical revelation and forms of its existence. The abundance of new private revelations tells us about their influence on the Church life: its prayer, the sphere of faith and the moral attitudes of the faithful. Electronic communication (the Internet) instantly spreads extraordinary events (signs, visions), and consequently prevents the Magisterium of the Church from recognizing and verifying their credibility. To recognize the truth of God’s signs, theologians pay attention to the important function of popular piety and sensus fidelium. The third part of the article refers to the criteria used in the Church to recognize the so-called private revelations: examining the circumstances and the addressee of the apparitions, the witnesses, and finally the signs of its credibility. The case of Medjugorje, where alleged maryfans have lasted from 1981, shows that the process of discerning the authenticity of God’s signs can be very difficult. On the one hand – as to the credibility of the apparitions – there are negative statements of the place bish ops, on the other – millions of pilgrims who make a pilgrimage to Medjugorje. The decision of the Holy See, which defines Medjugorje as a “place of prayer” and not revelation, is an token of “patience” that the Church approaches such phenomena.
9
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Filmowa reprezentacja weryfikacji w środowisku dziennikarskim

75%
Barczyk A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica
|
2012
|
vol. 17
|
issue 3
220-226
EN
There are few academic works on the “PRL journalism”. The “Verification” which took place at the time of the martial state in Poland was one of the most significant occurrences in the journalistic world of the eighties. The footage of this event, which shook the media and ignited journalistic debates, can be found in Mirosław Gronowski’s Verification.
10
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

YouTube as a source of information on carbon monoxide poisoning: a content-quality analysis

75%
Krakowiak M., Rak M., Krakowiak P., Racisz K., Słoniewski P., Ilczak T., Krakowiak A.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
|
2022
|
vol. 35
|
issue 3
285-295
EN
ObjectivesThe variety of clinical presentation on the topic of carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication ranges from slight headache to coma or death. YouTube allows patients to search not only for entertainment but also medical advice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the content and quality of YouTube videos concerning CO poisoning as a source of knowledge for non-medical audience.Material and MethodsOn the December 8, 2020 a YouTube search was conducted for the following phrases: “carbon monoxide poisoning,” “carbon monoxide symptoms,” “CO poisoning,” “carbon monoxide asphyxiation,” “carbon monoxide intoxication” using the “incognito mode” and without attachment to Google Account. The search results were set as: “default” in the YouTube browser. The first 50 results were taken into consideration. Two raters, a specialist in emergency medicine and a specialist in clinical toxicology rated videos with Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information (DISCERN), Global Quality Score (GQS) and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). “VidIQ Vision for YouTube” plug-in was used.ResultsNinety-five videos were included. The interclass coefficient for DISCERN, GQS and JAMA scores were: 0.8, 0.74 and 0.62 reaching good and moderate reliability. The mean DISCERN/GQS/JAMA was 28.1 (SD 7.9), 2.5 (SD 0.8) and 1.1 (SD 0.7) respectively. Higher DISCERN/GQS/JAMA had videos providing information on: exposure time, treatment options, hyperbaric chamber indications as well as physician speaker (p < 0.05). Video Power Index was higher when the video contained animations and presented patients own history of CO exposure but not influenced the DISCERN/GQS/JAMA scores. Videos providing misleading information had a higher like ratio.ConclusionsThe overall video quality was poor indicating inappropriate educational and informative value for patients who search information about carbon monoxide poisoning.
11
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Związek prawa ubezpieczeń społecznych z prawem cywilnym w świetle orzecznictwa sądowego – wybrane zagadnienia

71%
Cicherska A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
|
2018
|
vol. 16
|
issue 3
79-97
PL
This study presents interrelations between social insurance law and civil law. The author describes the nature of social insurance law regulations and their influence on possible invocations of the civil law provisions with regard to cases based on social insurance law. Then, the scope of application of civil law in proceedings before a disability pension authority is presented. The author describes in particular invocation of the civil law provisions in connection with the need to verify accuracy and diligence in execution of social insurance obligations by premium payers. Based on examples selected by the author, the issues of examination of validity of concluded contracts (civil law contracts or employment contracts) and individual contractual stipulations aimed at verification of the moment of inception of entitlement to social insurance or accuracy of verification of premium assessment basis are presented.
12
Content available remote

Verifikace voleb v počátcích moderního parlamentarismu: rakouské císařství 1848-1849

63%
Fabini P.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
|
2020
|
vol. 118
|
issue 2
297-323
EN
The beginnings of modern parliamentarism in the Austrian Empire are connected with the events of 1848 and with the implementation of constitutional-legal norms influenced by the principles of liberalism and representative democracy. The legitimacy of the regime should no longer be based solely on the monarchist tradition, but should also be based on the consent of the citizen. In addition to the will of the monarch, who had so far ruled exclusively by the grace of God, the will of the ruled, expressed through the act of free election of parliamentary representatives, has also been newly exercised. However, the authenticity of the “revealed” collective will was undermined by the technical shortcomings of the electoral system, but especially by the efforts of competing actors and their supporters to interfere illegitimately in the electoral process, whether through corrupt practices, frauds or various forms of electoral violence. One of the instruments for purging the parliamentary body of illegitimately acquired parliamentary mandates, the duration of which could disrupt the legitimacy of the entire body and thus jeopardize the authority of state power, became the verification process taking place in parliament. The study examines the spectrum of electoral manipulations employed in the first parliamentary elections in the Austrian Empire and at the same time the form and practice of their verification in the beginnings of parliamentarism using examples of the Imperial Diet in Vienna and the Moravian Land Diet in Brno.
13
Content available remote

Lze falzifikovat umělecké dílo?:

63%
Kolman V.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 5
755-764
EN
The author discusses Kulka’s study on aesthetics, especially in regards to the system he presents for the quantification of the value of a work of art; the article also deals in detail with certain “positivist” features of Kulka’s approach to art. From these the author then provides a detailed critique of selected examples. At the same time, however, he appreciates the readable and intellectually stimulating nature of Kulka’s book and of his texts in general.
CS
Autor diskutuje Kulkovu estetickou studii zejména ve vztahu k předkládanému schématu kvantifikace hodnoty uměleckého díla a zabývá se podrobně také jistými „pozitivistickými“ rysy Kulkova přístupu k tématu umění. Tyto pak na vybraných příkladech podrobně kritizuje. Současně však oceňuje zejména čtivou a myšlenkově stimulující povahu Kulkovy knihy a jeho textů obecně.
14

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНА ВЕРИФІКАЦІЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ КОНТЕКСТНОГО НАВЧАННЯ В ОСВІТНЬОМУ ПРОЦЕСІ ВНЗ

63%
Вікторія Ж.
Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології
|
2017
|
issue 2(66)
80-92
EN
The goal of the submitted article is to highlight the mechanisms of experimental verification of the efficiency of technologies of contextual learning in the educational process of the higher education institution. The study involves the use of the system of theoretical (problem-targeted, interdisciplinary analysis of scientific literature, systematization of theoretical provisions, generalization of the leading ideas of the research) and empirical (pedagogical experiment, observation, surveys, expert assessment and self-assessment, testing) research methods. A general logic of the experimental work aimed at proving the potential of technology of contextual learning as for formation of reflexive constructs of a future pedagogue has been revealed. Reflexive constructs of a future pedagogue are represented by independent reflexive construct which is reflexive competence, and reflexive deterministic constructs, which are motivational, sense bearing, subjective spheres of a future pedagogue. The criteria of formation of the mentioned constructs are motivational and value-based, cognitive, operational and activity-related; general motivational, sense bearing, subjective criteria. According to these criteria the indicators are: motives of reflection, mindset to reflexive activity, value-based attitude to pedagogic reflection; system of reflexive knowledge and reflexive skills; cognitive motives, professional motives; sense bearing mindset, sense bearing disposition, personal values; subjective professional position, pedagogical activity, subjective experience, ability to reflection, anticipation. In accordance with the outlined criteria and indicators diagnostic tools for determination of the level of formation of reflective competence, motivational, sense bearing, subjective areas of a future pedagogue are presented. Diagnostic tool set is based on the synthetic use of certain aspects, individual scales, indicators of such well-known techniques as colour relations test (by M. Luscher), test of purport orientations (TPO) (by D. Leontiev), questionnaire of terminal values of I. Senin, self-actualization test etc. In addition to the standardized diagnostic methods, diagnostic tools included such diagnostic tasks as writing of a pedagogical composition-reflection:”What attracts me in my future profession?”, analysis of pedagogical situations (case-method), the author’s profile “Reflexive knowledge of a future pedagogue.” Among the prospects of further scientific studies defined is the presentation of diagnostic results of the level of formation of reflexively determined constructs of a personality of a future pedagogue.
15
Content available remote

Badanie efektywności programów edukacyjnych w zakresie przedsiębiorczości na podstawie studium przypadku Politechniki Warszawskiej – komunikat z badań

51%
Skala A.
Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja
|
2016
|
vol. 12. Przedsiębiorczość jako czynnik rozwoju układów lokalnych
364-377
PL
Od około dekady podejmowane są w Polsce coraz liczniejsze inicjatywy w zakresie nauczania przedsiębiorczości, także na uczelniach wyższych (w tym technicznych). W literaturze przedmiotu edukacja przedsiębiorczości jest tematem dobrze rozpoznanym, zwłaszcza pod kątem projektowania programów nauczania. Istnieje jednak luka w wiedzy o efektywności programów edukacyjnych w zakresie przedsiębiorczości, a przeprowadzenie badań pod tym kątem stanowi wyzwanie pod względem metodycznym. Głównym celem badań omówionych w artykule jest stworzenie i przetestowanie autorskiego kwestionariusza umożliwiającego weryfikację programu edukacyjnego w zakresie przedsiębiorczości i stanowiącego podstawę dla przeprowadzenia długoletnich, porównywalnych badań w tym zakresie. Ich przedmiotem są programy edukacyjne, metody ich wdrażania oraz postawy przedsiębiorcze wykazywane przez absolwentów. Omawiany w pracy autorski program edukacyjny realizowany jest w Politechnice Warszawskiej od 2007 r., zaś obecnie podejmuje się inicjatywy służące ocenie jego wpływu na kariery zawodowe jego absolwentów. Źródłem danych dla rozważań są wyniki dwóch pilotażowych badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych na uczestnikach zajęć (studentach). Wyniki te pozwoliły wstępnie określić strukturę badania właściwego i brzmienie pytań oraz sugerowanych odpowiedzi. Obecnie ankieta jest podzielona na cztery części: ocenę zajęć, badanie stosunku do samozatrudnienia, ocenę szans i zagrożeń związanych z prowadzeniem firmy oraz określenie uwarunkowań rodzinnych. Z pewnością brakuje jeszcze sposobu na uchwycenie efektów edukacji w postaci przejawiania inicjatyw ambitnych, szczegolnie cennych. Na tym aspekcie będą skoncentrowane dalsze poszukiwania i badania
EN
For about a decade more and more initiatives of teaching entrepreneurship are held in Poland, including universities courses (within technical ones as well). In the subject literature, teaching entrepreneurship is a well-recognized topic, especially when it comes to creating a syllabus. Nevertheless, there is a knowledge gap in the effectiveness of such entrepreneurship courses and conducting a study in this area appears to be challenging due to methodological obstacles. The main goal of the study that is discussed in this article is creating and testing a survey which enables verifying the education programs in terms of entrepreneurship. It will be a base for conducting a long-term comparison study in the area of entrepreneurship in education. The examined topics are: educational programs, methods of implementation and entrepreneurship approaches demonstrated by students. The copyrighted program discussed in this paper takes place in the Warsaw University of Technology since 2007. Currently, there are actions to evaluate the influence of the program on careers of the University’s graduates. The data source was built on the results of two pilot surveys conducted on the course participants (students). The results allowed for determining a primary structure of the main study, the tone of questions and suggested answers. Currently, the survey is divided into four parts: course evaluation, exploring the will and attitude to self-employment, examining the opportunities and threats of owning a company and defining family determinants. It is certain that there is still a difficulty to capture the effects of education in undertaking ambitious and high-growing ventures. Further research and studies will focus on this aspect.
16
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Overovanie vplyvu informačno-komunikačných technológií na výučbu

51%
Pavlovkin J., Stebila J.
Dydaktyka informatyki
|
2016
|
vol. (11) 2016
91-99
SK
V predkladanom článku autori uvádzajú predmet, vzorku a výsledky realizovaného prieskumu. Údaje spracované do tabuliek a grafovnásledne interpretujú, v závere uvádzajú aj odporúčania pre pedagogickú teóriu a prax.
EN
Inthis article the authors set subject, methodology and the results of the survey. The gained data are interpreted by graphs and charts which also explain and refer to recommendations for pedagogical theory and practice.
17
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Obsada stanowisk sędziowskich w sądach powszechnych w Polsce po II wojnie światowej

51%
Niewiński K.
Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego
|
2019
|
vol. 22
299-316
EN
The main problem in rebuilding the judiciary after the Second World War was the staffing of judges’ posts. The new so-called „communist” authorities, subordinated to the directives coming from Moscow, did not have their own, sufficient legal staff. Thus, the pre-war judges, who mostly did not follow the Marxist-Leninist ideology, returned to work in the courts. They were subjected to the process of verification. A common phenomenon in the years 1944–1947 was the violation by the authorities of procedural regulations concerning the staffing of judges’ posts. With time the new authorities became stronger. After the elections in 1947, a plan was drawn up to replace the so-called „old” judicial staff. The authorities aimed at imbuing the courts with „new types of judges”, not necessarily with a thorough legal education, but with ideological and political training.
PL
Głównym problemem przy odbudowie sądownictwa po II wojnie światowej była obsada stanowisk sędziowskich. Nowe władze tzw. komunistyczne, uległe dyrektywom płynącym z Moskwy, nie miały własnego, wystarczającego zaplecza kadr prawniczych. Do pracy w sądach wracali więc przedwojenni sędziowie, którzy w większości nie byli zwolennikami ideologii marksistowsko-leninowskiej. Byli oni poddawani procesowi weryfikacji. Powszechnym zjawiskiem było w okresie lat 1944–1947 łamanie przez władze przepisów proceduralnych w zakresie obsady stanowisk sędziowskich. Z biegiem czasu nowe władze umocniły się. Po wyborach w 1947 r. opracowany został plan wymiany „starej” kadry sędziowskiej. Władze dążyły do nasycenia sądów „sędziami nowego typu”, niekoniecznie posiadającymi gruntowne wykształcenie prawnicze, lecz przeszkolonymi pod względem ideowym i politycznym.
18
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Migracje przymusowe jako instrument konsolidacji państwa narodowego w XX wieku. Przypadek wysiedleń Niemców z Polski po II wojnie światowej.

45%
Pazik A.
Kultura i Polityka
|
2013
|
issue 13
131-152
PL
W artykule migracje przymusowe zostały zawężone do pojęcia wysiedlenia. Za Krystyną Kersten przyjęto definicję wysiedleń, jako przymusowych i zorganizowanych przemieszczeń określonej zbiorowości – na mocy porozumień lub decyzji międzynarodowych lub też jako jednostronny akt przeprowadzającej ją władzy. O ile migracje przymusowe nie są zjawiskiem, którego geneza sięga XX wieku, to dopiero jednak w ubiegłym stuleciu zaczęto je stosować, jako środek służący konsolidacji państw narodowych. W czasie II wojny światowej doszło do apogeum sprzężenia idei nacjonalistycznych z wysiedleniami ludności, co wiązało się z próbą fizycznej eksterminacji określonych grup etnicznych. Na skutek polityki germanizacyjnej na polskich ziemiach wcielonych do III Rzeszy doszło do masowych wysiedleń mieszkających tam dotychczas Polaków – zgodnie z ideą „czysto niemieckich ziem”. Z drugiej strony, mocarstwa obradujące na konferencji w Londynie i w Waszyngtonie w latach 1942-1943 były zgodne co do tego, że wysiedlenia ludności niemieckiej są jedynym możliwym środkiem mogącym zapobiec kolejnym konfliktom w powojennej Europie. Stanowisko to znalazło oparcie w rozdziale XIII umowy poczdamskiej przewidującym transfer Niemców z Polski, Czechosłowacji i Węgier. To rozwiązanie popierali również polscy komuniści. W artykule wykazano, że nowe władze postrzegały wysiedlenia jako środek konieczny w realizacji ideału państwa homogenicznego pod względem etnicznym, który kształtował się w czasie wojny. W konstruowaniu koncepcji państwa dominowały odwołania do patriotyzmu, jedności narodowej, a paradygmat walki klas odgrywał w tym procesie drugorzędną rolę. Wynikiem tych poglądów były działania władz w kierunku jak najszybszego przeprowadzenia wysiedleń Niemców z tzw. „Ziem Odzyskanych” po wojnie, a następnie integracji tych terytoriów w ramach nowego państwa narodowego zgodnie z założeniami polityki „repolonizacji”.
EN
In this article, the term 'forced migrations' has been narrowed down to mean expulsions. The definition of expulsion proposed by Krystyna Kersten has been adopted according to which an expulsion is a forced and organized displacement of a given group carried out as a result of an international agreement or decision, or of an act imposed by the authorities. Although the phenomenon of forced migrations does not date back to the 20th century, it was only in the last century that they started to be used as an instrument of consolidation of nation-states. During World War II both nationalist ideas and expulsion-oriented activities reached their apogeum, which resulted in the attempt to exterminate certain ethnic groups. The germanisation policy carried out on the Polish territories let to mass expulsions of the Poles living there, in line with the idea of 'purely German lands.' As it has been shown in the article, the new authorities considered expulsions as a necessary part of the fulfillment of the ideal of an ethnically homogenous country. Central to that vision of the state were references to patriotism and national unity, while the paradigm of class warfare was regarded as secondary. In consequence, after the war the aim of the authorities was to carry out, as rapidly as possible, expulsions of Germans from the so-called 'Recovered Territories' and then, carry out the integration of these territories as part of the new nation-state project realised in line with the policy of repolonisation.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.