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PL
Zjawisko przemocy domowej, chociaż dość powszechnie dyskutowane w naukach społecznych, w zdecydowanej większości traktowane jest nadal jako typowy dla płci męskiej przejaw zachowania. Jednak zmiany zachodzące w systemie ról płciowych oraz nowy wizerunek męskości, w którym akcentuje się równość mężczyzn i kobiet we wszystkich sferach życia społecznego, powoduje wzrost zainteresowania zjawiskami przełamującymi schematy dotyczące oceny relacji męsko–damskich. W prezentowanych rozważaniach podjęto próbę charakterystyki sytuacji mężczyzn doświadczających przemocy ze strony swoich partnerek w sytuacji konfliktu rozwodowego. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na formy i źródła aktów przemocy wobec mężczyzn oraz sposoby radzenia sobie przez nich z faktem bycia ofiarami przemocy.
EN
Domestic violence, although broadly discussed by social studies, is still perceived as a typically male behavior. However, the changes affecting the gender roles as well as new image of masculinity that emphasizes the equality between men and women in all areas of social life, stimulates the interest in the phenomena challenging the model of female-male relationships. The presented discussion attempts to analyze the situation of men experiencing violence inflicted by women during a divorce conflict. It focuses on the forms and sources of acts of violence against men as well as on ways to cope with the fact of being a victim of abuse.
EN
One of the most important legal aspects of counteracting domestic violence in ensuring protection and safety of victims is to isolate the perpetrator from them. Until recently, it was believed that the state should provide shelter for victims where they could find help and continue their lives away from the aggressor. Currently, it is increasingly said that the perpetrator should leave the common home, and the state authorities should have tools to isolate the perpetrator from the victim. The current catalog of criminal process tools to counteract violence, as well as the civil order to leave the premises, can be successfully used to quickly and effectively separate perpetrators of domestic violence from those affected by their actions. In practice, they are used too rarely or inadequately to circumstances, which makes the aid ineffective. In addition, the approach of representatives of bodies implementing tasks in the field of counteracting the phenomenon of domestic violence is burdened with numerous stereotypes, the methods often use dare used as templates and unsuitable for the needs of victims. The attitude of the authorities translates directly into actions taken by them in the area of abandoning certain procedural acts,delay implementation and the manner and scope of safeguarding the interests of victims of domestic violence. In conclusion, it is worth noting that the introduction of new legal regulations will not affect the improvement of the safety of victims of violence if the available instruments are not used in practice.
EN
In the light of critical remarks and opinions with respect to the Act of 29 July 2005 on the prevention of domestic violence, issues relating to how to protect children against abuse by parents and guardians have been regulated in recent amendments therein. It was considered that children form a special category of victims of domestic violence, and violence against children, in its various dimensions, should be treated as the greatest cruelty. It does not matter in which aspect of life the violence occurs, whenever it is given the attribute of unlawfulness, it should be meticulously eliminated through the introduction of measures that would prevent it in the future. In addition, the obligation to consider the good of the child is a basic interpretative rule in the interpretation of the provisions of the Family and Guardianship Code governing relations between parents and children. The importance of the principle of protecting the best interests of the child goes beyond the order of national law and has its source in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, applicable in Poland since 7 July 1991. Supreme Court case law emphasizes the importance of Art. 3 of this Convention as a general directive applied when considering conflicts of parents regarding the provision of childcare. In view of the above, on 25 June 2010, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland adopted an amendment to the Act, under which an effective fight against the phenomenon of violence against children was started, and protection against child abuse was provided. One of the provisions effective since 1 August 2010 is the regulation contained in Art. 12a in a new wording, according to which, in the event of a direct threat to the child’s health or life due to domestic violence, a social worker, together with a policeman and a health care worker, may remove a child from their family and place the minor in a safe place. It should be noted that the adopted provision should apply only in such special situations, when a social worker, while performing official activities, is a witness to a situation that threatens the life or health of the child, including carers who are unable to care for the child due to drunkenness, or show aggression towards the child, or where the child’s carers have left them alone. In such circumstances, there is a fear that the lack of intervention will result in irreversible consequences that can lead to tragedy. In addition, during the police intervention pursuant to Article 72 of the Polish Constitution, a child may be taken away from his family in crisis situations requiring immediate child care, in which the child is seen as a victim of violence or whose parents, being intoxicated, are not able to take care of the child. The article discusses the procedure of a child being taken from their parents by a social worker due to the occurrence of domestic violence, and a child being taken from their relatives in crisis situations encountered during police intervention.
PL
W związku z krytycznymi uwagami i opiniami na temat Ustawy z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy w rodzinie kwestie dotyczące sposobu ochrony dzieci przed krzywdzeniem ze strony rodziców i opiekunów zostały uregulowane w ostatnich zmianach do ustawy. Uznano bowiem, że dzieci są szczególną kategorią ofiar przemocy w rodzinie, a przemoc wobec dzieci, w różnych jej wymiarach, należy traktować jako największe okrucieństwo. Nieważne, w jakim aspekcie życia spotykana jest przemoc, zawsze, jeżeli uzyska przymiot bezprawnej, powinna być skrupulatnie eliminowana wraz z wprowadzaniem środków, które miałyby jej zapobiegać w przyszłości. Ponadto nakaz uwzględnienia dobra dziecka stanowi podstawową regułę interpretacyjną obowiązującą przy wykładni przepisów Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego regulujących stosunki między rodzicami a dziećmi. Znaczenie zasady ochrony dobra dziecka wykracza poza porządek prawa krajowego i ma swoje źródło w Konwencji o prawach dziecka obowiązującej w Polsce od 7 lipca 1991 r. W orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego podkreśla się znaczenie art. 3 tej konwencji jako dyrektywy generalnej przy rozpatrywaniu konfliktów rodziców na tle sprawowania opieki nad dziećmi. Z uwagi na powyższe 25 czerwca 2010 r. Sejm RP uchwalił nowelizację ustawy, dzięki której podjęto skuteczną walkę ze zjawiskiem przemocy wobec dzieci i zapewniono ochronę przed ich krzywdzeniem. Jednym z przepisów obowiązującym od 1 sierpnia 2010 r. jest regulacja zawarta w nowym brzmieniu art. 12a, zgodnie z którym w razie bezpośredniego zagrożenia zdrowia lub życia dziecka w związku z przemocą w rodzinie pracownik socjalny wspólnie z policjantem i pracownikiem ochrony zdrowia może odebrać dziecko z rodziny i dokonać umieszczenia małoletniego w bezpiecznym dla niego miejscu. Zaznaczyć należy, że wprowadzony przepis powinien mieć zastosowanie tylko w takich szczególnych sytuacjach, kiedy pracownik socjalny, wykonując czynności służbowe, jest świadkiem sytuacji zagrażającej życiu lub zdrowiu dziecka (np. opiekunowie są niezdolni do opieki nad nim z uwagi na nietrzeźwość lub wykazują agresję w stosunku do dziecka, albo też pozostawili dziecko bez opieki). W takich sytuacjach istnieje obawa, że brak interwencji spowoduje nieodwracalne w konsekwencji skutki, które mogą doprowadzić do tragedii. Ponadto na podstawie art. 72 Konstytucji RP podczas interwencji Policji może dojść do odebrania dziecka rodzinie w sytuacjach kryzysowych wymagających zapewnienia dziecku natychmiastowej opieki, w których dziecko występuje jako ofiara przemocy lub którego rodzice, będąc w stanie upojenia alkoholowego, nie są w stanie sprawować pieczy. W artykule omówiono procedurę odebrania dziecka rodzicom przez pracownika socjalnego w związku z wystąpieniem zjawiska przemocy domowej oraz odebrania dziecka rodzinie w sytuacjach kryzysowych napotkanych podczas interwencji Policji.   In the light of critical remarks and opinions with respect to the Act of 29 July 2005 on the prevention of domestic violence, issues relating to how to protect children against abuse by parents and guardians have been regulated in recent amendments therein. It was considered that children form a special category of victims of domestic violence, and violence against children, in its various dimensions, should be treated as the greatest cruelty. It does not matter in which aspect of life the violence occurs, whenever it is given the attribute of unlawfulness, it should be meticulously eliminated through the introduction of measures that would prevent it in the future. In addition, the obligation to consider the good of the child is a basic interpretative rule in the interpretation of the provisions of the Family and Guardianship Code governing relations between parents and children. The importance of the principle of protecting the best interests of the child goes beyond the order of national law and has its source in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, applicable in Poland since 7 July 1991. Supreme Court case law emphasizes the importance of Art. 3 of this Convention as a general directive applied when considering conflicts of parents regarding the provision of childcare. In view of the above, on 25 June 2010, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland adopted an amendment to the Act, under which an effective fight against the phenomenon of violence against children was started, and protection against child abuse was provided. One of the provisions effective since 1 August 2010 is the regulation contained in Art. 12a in a new wording, according to which, in the event of a direct threat to the child’s health or life due to domestic violence, a social worker, together with a policeman and a health care worker, may remove a child from their family and place the minor in a safe place. It should be noted that the adopted provision should apply only in such special situations, when a social worker, while performing official activities, is a witness to a situation that threatens the life or health of the child, including carers who are unable to care for the child due to drunkenness, or show aggression towards the child, or where the child’s carers have left them alone. In such circumstances, there is a fear that the lack of intervention will result in irreversible consequences that can lead to tragedy. In addition, during the police intervention pursuant to Article 72 of the Polish Constitution, a child may be taken away from his family in crisis situations requiring immediate child care, in which the child is seen as a victim of violence or whose parents, being intoxicated, are not able to take care of the child. The article discusses the procedure of a child being taken from their parents by a social worker due to the occurrence of domestic violence, and a child being taken from their relatives in crisis situations encountered during police intervention.
PL
Jednym z najważniejszych prawnych aspektów przeciwdziałania przemocy w rodzinie w zakresie zapewnienia ochrony i bezpieczeństwa ofarom jest odizolowanie od nich sprawcy. Do niedawna uważano, że państwo powinno zapewnić ofarom schroniska, do których mogłyby trafć w celu zapewnienia pomocy i kontynuowania życia z dala od agresora. Obecnie, coraz częściej mówi się o tym, że to sprawca powinien opuścić wspólny dom, a organy państwa powinny dysponować narzędziami służącymi do odizolowania sprawcy od ofary. Obecny katalog karnoprocesowych narzędzi przeciwdziałania przemocy, jak i cywilny nakaz opuszczenia lokalu z powodzeniem mogą być wykorzystane do szybkiego i skutecznego oddzielenia sprawców przemocy w rodzinie od osób dotkniętych skutkami ich działań. W praktyce są one stosowane zbyt rzadko bądź nieadekwatnie do okoliczności, co sprawia, że pomoc staje się nieskuteczna oraz nieefektywna. Poza tym podejście przedstawicieli organów realizujących zadania z zakresu przeciwdziałania zjawisku przemocy w rodzinie jest obarczone licznymi stereotypami, stosowane metody są szablonowe i niedostosowane do potrzeb ofar. Nastawienie organów przekłada się bezpośrednio na podejmowane przez nich działania w zakresie zaniechania dokonania określonych czynności procesowych, zwłokę w ich podejmowaniu czy też sposób i zakres zabezpieczenia interesów ofiar przemocy w rodzinie. Na zakończenie warto podkreślić, że wprowadzenie nowych uregulowań prawnych nie będzie miało wpływu na poprawę bezpieczeństwa ofiar przemocy, jeżeli dostępne instrumenty nie będą stosowane w praktyce.   One of the most important legal aspects of counteracting domestic violence in ensuring protection and safety of victims is to isolate the perpetrator from them. Until recently, it was believed that the state should provide shelter for victims where they could find help and continue their lives  away  from  the  aggressor.  Currently,  it  is  increasingly  said  that  the  perpetrator  should leave the common home, and the state authorities should have tools to isolate the perpetrator from the victim. The current catalog of criminal process tools to counteract violence, as well as the civil order to leave the premises, can be successfully used to quickly and effectively separate perpetrators of domestic violence from those affected by their actions. In practice, they are used too rarely or inadequately to circumstances, which makes the aid ineffective. In addition, the approach of representatives of bodies implementing tasks in the field of counteracting the phenomenon of domestic violence is burdened with numerous stereotypes, the methods often used are used as templates and unsuitable for the needs of victims. The attitude of the authorities translates directly into actions taken by them in the area of abandoning certain procedural acts, delay implementation and the manner and scope of safeguarding the interests of victims of domestic violence. In conclusion, it is worth noting that the introduction of new legal regulations will not affect the improvement of the safety of victims of violence if the available instruments are not used in practice.
EN
One of the most important legal aspects of counteracting domestic violence in ensuring protection and safety of victims is to isolate the perpetrator from them. Until recently, it was believed that the state should provide shelter for victims where they could find help and continue their lives  away  from  the  aggressor.  Currently,  it  is  increasingly  said  that  the  perpetrator  should leave the common home, and the state authorities should have tools to isolate the perpetrator from the victim. The current catalog of criminal process tools to counteract violence, as well as the civil order to leave the premises, can be successfully used to quickly and effectively separate perpetrators of domestic violence from those affected by their actions. In practice, they are used too rarely or inadequately to circumstances, which makes the aid ineffective. In addition, the approach of representatives of bodies implementing tasks in the field of counteracting the phenomenon of domestic violence is burdened with numerous stereotypes, the methods often used are used as templates and unsuitable for the needs of victims. The attitude of the authorities translates directly into actions taken by them in the area of abandoning certain procedural acts, delay implementation and the manner and scope of safeguarding the interests of victims of domestic violence. In conclusion, it is worth noting that the introduction of new legal regulations will not affect the improvement of the safety of victims of violence if the available instruments are not used in practice.
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