Search results

1

Viktimizace a vícenásobná viktimizace dětí

100%

Podaná Z.

Česká kriminologie (Czech Criminology)

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2019

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vol. 4

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issue 1

1-19

EN

The article focuses on youth victimization and pays a special attention to polyvictimization, i.e. co-occurrence of different types of victimization, which has proven to be a particularly adverse condition. The authors both summarize key findings of previous research and offer results of the Czech survey Výzkum městské mládeže (Urban Youth Survey) from 2015 which targeted youth from 9th grades of schools (N = 1546). The results reveal that an experience with victimization is a commonplace among Czech juveniles and highlight differences in victimization prevalence among certain socio-demographic categories. Furthermore, a poly-victimization index is constructed and specific characteristics of poly-victims are examined and discussed. Overall, the findings are in congruence with previous international research and imply that youth victimization is not a marginal phenomenon in Czechia and its research would highly benefit from inclusion of poly-victimization into its framework.

2

Dobývání kriminality: Reflexe viktimizačního šetření v českých sociálně vyloučených lokalitách

88%

Walach V., Kupka P., Lupták Ľ., Tvrdá K., Toušek L., Brendzová A., Plachý O., Vanková K.

Studia Ethnologica Pragensia

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2019

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issue 1

44-60

EN

In the present article, we reflect on the victimization survey conducted as part of the research project BRIZOLIT (Security Risks in Socially Excluded Localities). Our main focus is on the methodological, epistemological and ethical problems which appeared during the survey among inhabitants of the so-called socially excluded localities in April — August 2016. More specifically, we will deal with the issues related to the construction of our research object, interviewing strategies, as well as problems of validity of survey data with regard to the complex processes of victimization in socially excluded localities. In other words, we will try to answer three rather basic questions: „Who did we research? How did we do it? How did we record our findings?“ and hope to provide clues for future researchers facing similar problems.

3

Genderové rozdíly v míře delikvence a viktimizace mládeže: test emancipační teorie na mezinárodních datech

88%

Podaná Z.

Česká kriminologie (Czech Criminology)

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2018

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vol. 3

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issue 2

1-18

EN

This study analyzes the gender gap in delinquency and victimization of youth and its development using data from two sweeps of the International Self-Report Delinquency study. Besides a description of differences in gender gaps across European countries, a series of hypotheses derived from the emancipation theory is tested. The results reveal that the gender gap in delinquency is present almost in all countries, whereas in the case of victimization, prevalence rates of boys and girl are often comparable. In addition, there is a decrease in the size of the gender gap both in delinquency and victimization in almost all countries during one decade which coincides with the increase in gender equality. In general, findings are fairly supportive of the emancipation theory when countries are analyzed separately; nevertheless, a comparative analysis employing the Gender Inequality Index does not show any association between the level of inequality and the gender gap across European countries.

4

Strach przed przestępczością a orientacja seksualna

88%

Wzorek D.

Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego im. prof. Stanisława Batawii

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2018

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vol. 25

61-83

EN

Searching factors correlated with the fear of crime is – together with estimating intensity of the fear of crime – one of the fundamental topics of many research projects devoted to this issue. It has been already investigated whether the fear of crime is correlated with such factors as age, sex, place of residence, level of education or previous victimization experiences. The aim of this research is to determine whether fear of crime can be correlated with sexual orientation.Author makes an assumption that non-heterosexuals can experience fear connected with probability of being the victim of a crime more often than others because of their minority status and bias in the society.In order to verify the hypothesis author conducted qualitative research (internet questionnaire)among 285 people. To reach members of such particular group as non-heterosexuals the purposive (judgmental) sampling has been chosen.Admittedly the research has not confirmed correlation between fear of crime and any of pre-sented factors, probably because of the specificity of the structure of the observed group. The author’s recommendation is to conduct either additional quantitative research or research based on the representative group (random selection).

5

POCZUCIE ZAGROŻENIA PRZESTĘPCZOŚCIĄ W UJĘCIU KONCEPCJI PÓŹNEJ NOWOCZESNOŚCI

88%

Ćwiertnia E.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2014

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vol. 16(16)

97-106

EN

The subject of our consideration is the individual sense of threat to security. It is known as subjective feeling of possibility of being crime victim. In this article, conception of the individual sense of threat to safety will be present with late postmodernity term. The main purpose is showing one of different perspectives of modern understanding of this phenomenon. We will also show the psychological and axiological definitions of threat to security and sense of security terms. We will present results of researches concerning the sense of threat to security among Poles, too.

6

O efektywności prawa karnego, ciemnej liczbie, wiktymizacji i rozmiarach narkomanii

87%

Tyszkiewicz L., Kosmowski S.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2002

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issue XXVI

101-131

EN

The article presents the results of survey research carried out in the Katowice and Chorzów regions (SE Poland). In early 2000 we obtained 414 questionnaires completed by under- and post-graduate students at the University of Silesia’s Law and Administration Department and students of local high schools. The investigation was victimology-oriented, the respondents being asked not only whether they had been victims of crime of various kinds but also whether the perpetrator had been punished. Our premise was that based on measures adopted by Polish criminal procedure the victim of a crime was entitled to know of the offender’s punishment, assuming that he had in fact been convicted. Within our sample the predominant group was young people, females marginally outnumbered males, almost all respondents reported average or above-average circumstances, and almost all were also urban–dwellers, the vast majority living in towns with populations of over 100,000. The first question that interested us was the effectiveness of the law, chich is most fully reflected in measurements of absolute effectiveness, that is, the percentage of crimes punished to the total number of crimes actually committed. This umounted to 3.33%. If we deduct the relatively large number of non-indictable offenses, i.e. not subject to prosecution by the state (e.g. libel and slander) the figure rises to 4.02%. In addition to the absolute effectiveness measure we also calculated a relative effectiveness index. It was the ratio of punished offenses to the total number of offenses reported to law-enforcement authorities by the respondents. In our survey the relative effectiveness index amounted overall to 20.0% and after the elimination of non-indictable offenses to 19.7%. To estimate effectiveness we deducted offenses committed in 1999 on the assumption that the majority of these were too recent for prosecution and conviction to have taken place. Obviously, a crucial influence on measurement of the effectiveness of the law is exerted by the number of offenses reported to law-enforcement authorities. Our questionnaire was designed to allow respondents to adduce the number of instances of victimization in the preceding year and in general without mentioning their location in time. Since the survey was carried out in earlv 2000 the preceding year was 1990. The level of notification of crimes for the whole period in question came in our survey to 15.3% of the total incidence of crime. For 1999 this ratio recorded a count of 13.1% in other words was fractionally lower. After deducting non-indictable offenses these indexes rise to 19.9% and 19.0 % respectively. The most frequently reported crimes were burglaries (58.7%). Next on the list came simple larceny (18.6%) and fraud (18.1%, 29.5% in 1999); no cases of bribery were reported. A relatively rarely reported crime was robbery with violence (12.2%, 13.7% in 1999). The so-called "dark figure" can be stated in a variety o ways. One is by an absolute number, either broader or narrower. This depends on inclusion in the dark figure of all offenses actually committed or only those which are not reported to the law-enforcement authorities or are subject to private prosecution. Another way of determining the dark figure is by an index- or ratio-based measure. Here, too, there are two possibilities. In the first the number of offenses actually committed per the number punished is calculated. The second estimates the number of offenses actually committed per the number reported. The findings of our survey were as follows. The dark figure for the total number of crimes actually committed and the whole of the period in question amounted in absolute terms to 1,492 and for unreported offenses to 1,263. For 1999 corresponding counts came to 562 and 488 respectively. In index-measured terms the number of offenses actually committed per the number reported amounted for the whole period in question to 6.5 and for 1999 to 7.6, in other words to fractionally more. The number of offenses actually committed per the number punished (after deducting offenses committed in 1999) since it is hardy likely that any of these would already have been punished in early 2000 amounted to 30. Considerable attention was given to determining the structure of offenses committed, reported and punished and to the structure of offenses committed to the injury of different categories of victims (men, women, high school students, undergraduates, doctoral students). Differences were found here. The most significant was that the most frequent victims of offenses against the person are males and persons in the younger age group; the same pattern holds for robberies with violence of which females are only exceptionally the victims (only three cases in the whole the of the material gathered by the survey). By contrast, females and persons in the older age group are the most frequent victims of simple larceny. An in-depth victimologicar analysis yielded the following findings. The coefficient of victimization, that is, the total number of offenses per member of the sample, amounted for the totality of our respondents over the whole period in question to 3.60, though it was much higher for the male and younger age group (5.5 for the former and 7.86 for the fourth-year high school students). In the females group as a whole the coefficient came to 2.40 and was highest in the doctoral students sub-group (3.27). The victimization index is the percentage of the number of crime victims in the whole of the sample. If we subtract the victimization index from 100 we will obtain a percentage measure of the number of persons who have not be victims either of any crime or of a crime of particular kind. For the whole of the sample and the whole of the period in question this index amounted to 76.1%, i.e. the number of non-victimized persons did not exceed 23.9%; for 1999 the counts were 47.1% and 52.9% respectively. The victimization index in the males group amounted to 85.1% for the whole period in question and to 57.8% for 1999; in the females group the analogous counts came to 70,4% and 40.3% respectively. Victimization intensity is a measure which is characterized by the number of criminal acts committed per victim. In our survey it amounted to 4.74 for the whole sample and the whole period covered by the survey and to 2.88 for 1999. The analogous scores for the males and females group came to 6.46 and 3.68 and for the females to 3.41 and 2.16. An important supplement to victimological investigation is determining an index of victimization variation. It completes the picture provided by victimization intensity. For obvious reasons this measure is calculated only for the whole sample or its subgroup. It illustrates how many kinds of offenses have been committed against the average victim. Victimization variation is calculated by dividing the sum of the number of individuals wronged by particular categories of offenses by the total number of victims among the persons included in the sample. There is a certain relationship between victimization intensity and variation. If intensity equals one, variation also equals one. Aside from this instance variation either equals intensity or is slightly lower. Variation can never exceed the number of the kinds of offenses specified in an investigation. Within these limits the closer the variation index is to the value of variation, the higher the variation of criminality given that intensity is relatively high. If inteisity approaches unity variation, despite the proportionately high level of the index, diminishes. In our survey intensity for the whole group and for the whole period in question amounted to 4.74 and for 1999 to 2.88. In other words, the average number of offenses per victim came overall to almost five, and in 1999 this average came to close on three.The variation measures attained a level of, respectively, 2.38 and 1.58 which means that, overall, victims were wronged on average by two kinds of offenses and in 1999 by between one and tow. The highest intensity occurred in the males subgroup of the high school students group (8.24) which also had the highest variation index (3.46). As for intensity second place was occupied by males in the doctoral students group (8.04), thougt its variation score/count was markedly lower than in the high school students group (2.80). Our survey also indicated the scale of drug abuse. The respondents were asked to state the number of contacts they had had with persons using drugs and with dealers or producers of drugs. Within the whole group studied contacts with consumers of drugs were reported by 49.0% of the respondents and contacts with drug dealers or producers by 25.1%. These contacts were much more frequent among the high school students (67.4% and 39.3% respectively) than among tne undergraduates and doctoral students (27.4% and 8.6%). The survey presented here covered a relatively small group of persons and one drawn from only a single region. Further investigations of this type are essential.

7

Rozmiary i uwarunkowania lęku przed przestępczością

87%

Ostaszewski P.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2012

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issue XXXIV

157-206

EN

Criminological analyses of fear of crime conducted to date have lead to formulating many various ways of defining this phenomenon and to concepts explaining its intensity and diversity. This article assumes that the most effective definition (by Sandra Walklate) is that fear of crime is partly rational and partly irrational state of anxiety or fear caused by belief that the individual is at risk of becoming a crime victim. Basic hypotheses regarding factors influencing level of fear concern such aspects as: victimization experiences and objective crime risk level; socio-demographic characteristics of individuals and psychological features which define their sensitivity to dangers and risks, features of environment where an individual lives, and in particular manifestations of social disorganization, size of local population, and presence of social ties, mutual trust, common goals and values among local residents; actions of persecution organs and the justice system and their social perception; macro-social factors (such as quality of social security) as well as media reports and politicians’ actions. Multi-dimensional models of fear of crime constructed by researchers integrate these hypotheses into complex system which offer much more explaining power and possibility of presentation of relations between particular variables in question. The conducted research presented in the article aimed to present the level of crime fear perceived in Poland and other European countries as well as to find social, demographic, and macro-social factors conditioning that fear. The research was based on secondary data analysis from several editions of International Victimisation Studies, Polish Crime Study, and last issue of European Social Survey. Analysis of the crime level in Poland revealed there has been a definite, almost twofold, decrease of percentage of persons declaring such fear during the past 20 years. In the beginning of 21st century, Poles perceived above-European average fear of crime. In 2010 it was lower than in most European countries. As a result of conducted two-dimensional analyses, it was established that crucial factors influencing perceived lack of security contributed to the following hypotheses: victimization, sensitivity to risks, disorganization and urbanization and those focusing on the action of prosecution and macro-social characteristics of inhabited locations. Used techniques of classification tree allowed for initial examination of joint influence of particular independent and dependent variables as well as for separation of many interesting groups of respondents regarding frequency of occurrence of fear of crime. Above-average fear of crime was characteristic of women from middle-sized and big cities who had been victims of crime against property and of men who had been victims of crime against property or as-sault and lived in areas where unemployment was below average.

8

Obowiązki nakładane na osoby skazane z art. 207 § 1 k.k. w orzecznictwie sądów rejonowych

87%

Wrona G.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2011

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issue XXXIII

213-225

EN

The article contains an analysis of district court sentences which included protective and re-straining orders under article 72§1 of Polish Criminal Code (hereinafter referred to as PCC) on perpetrators of harassment punishable under article 207§1 of PCC. Because of the character of the crime of harassment, the main part of the article concerns orders of refraining from contacts with victims and of leaving the common place of residence. The article contains analysis and conclusions of a research of cases which ended in a decree absolute in 2008 – 2009 and concerned prosecution under article 207§1 of the Code. The research, completed in 2010, was conducted in eleven district courts, all of them subordinate to different courts of appeals. The results of the research show a significant divergence in the manner of sentencing restraining orders throughout the country. One may notice the extremes of the approach, particularly as far as the order of leaving the common place of residence is concerned. As a result, the courts use such opportunity only in a few percent of the cases where such orders can be sentenced. It is hard to speak of any line of sentencing with such a small number of cases. Meanwhile, the legislator amended the Act on Family Violence Prevention with the view on the duties imposed under article 72§1 of PCC. As a result of this amendment, two changes were introduced. The first consisted in distinguishing correctional and educational actions in section 6a. The second concerned the order of refraining from contacts with the victim in section 7a of the said article which was extended by adding a restraining order of staying away at a minimum distance from the victim. At the same time the legislator did not take into account the doubts expressed by the doctrine about possibility of successful enforcement of orders under sections 7a and 7b (order to leave the common place of residence). The conclusions of the article concern the necessity of more frequent interpretation of duties under article 72§1 sections 7a and 7b PCC by the courts and, as a consequence, of es-tablishing a uniform and consistent judicature in sentencing such restraining orders. It is sug-gested that this can be achieved if the guidelines by Polish Attorney General on preliminary proceedings in family violence cases include an instruction for the prosecutors to apply to courts for such restraining orders. This way, the courts of law will be obliged to take a stance on such motions and a chance to standardise the manner of sentencing them will arise.

9

Czy w świadomości Polaków terroryzm stanowi zagrożenie dla polskiego społeczeństwa? Wyniki badań własnych

87%

Guzik-Makaruk E. M.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2011

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issue XXXIII

227-243

EN

The aim of the publication is to discuss an answer to the question if terrorism is a threat to a Polish society. The discussion is based on own research conducted within “Monitoring, identification and prevention of risks to citizens’ safety” research project realized by University in Białystok with cooperation with Military Academy of Technology in Warsaw. The research employed a computer assisted direct questionnaire interview method. Interviews were performed in the autumn of 2008 on a representative group of Polish citizens over 18. 1042 interviews were performed by interviewers from Pentor Research International, an institution chosen because of its high degree of professionalism and the fact it had conducted many simi-lar surveys of this kind. The research has provided answers to the following questions: if terrorism is one of the threats people in Poland are afraid the most, what the social perception of possibility of terrorism risk is, what information there is on the level of fear of potential victimization with a terrorist crime. Moreover, the following information has been obtained: actual level of victimization with terrorist crime, social evaluation of terrorism prevention by the state, and social acceptance of state intervention into privacy of citizens to eliminate risk of terrorism. The method used a rarely employed victimization survey (direct victimization experience) and so-called indirect victimization experience which can be extremely useful in attempts to evaluate so-called “dark number”. Naturally, in case of terrorism the phenomenon is so spectacular it is hard to speak of “dark number” of victims. Still, the questionnaire included 50 different risks and did not exclude terrorism since adult Polish citizens and their families could have been harmed by terrorism while abroad. The study has found that terrorism occurs in social awareness only extremely rarely and is perceived as a remote risk. Merely 2 percent of respondents declared that their greatest fear was terrorism. Terrorist attacks are hardly present in Polish social awareness and they appear only if such possibility is prompted by an interviewer. Women living in the capital of Poland appeared the most numerous group to fear a terrorist attack. Polish society is convinced that terrorism threat is not a real problem. Similarly, it is rarely perceived as a risk to personal security. None of the respondents in the group has experienced a hostage taking, only 1 percent responded that their family member has experienced a hostage taking, terrorist attack or bomb explosion. Social perception of state prevention of terrorism is rather satisfactory. It is worth to note that there is a high level of acceptance of state actions to eliminate the risk of terrorism. Every fourth respondent declared acceptance of state intervention into his privacy in case of terrorism threat.

10

Młode kobiety w gangach: między wiktymizacją a maskulinizacją

87%

Andraszczyk W.

Studia Edukacyjne

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2017

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issue 44

231-246

EN

In this paper I will try to present a selection of contexts of young women’s functioning in the gangs. Gangs are traditionally associated with a male identity and a masculine type of criminality, therefore a female participation in the gangs breaks up completely with the essentialist image of femininity and denies the dichotomous division of sexes. A woman as a member of a gang, with her violence oriented attitude and masculinised identity put all the former ideals into question. In this article I will also make reference to the myths concerning female gangs, which among others refer to the conviction that their female members play a secondary part, being a sort of “sattelites” to the male gangsters. Moreover, I will reconstruct the role of the female members of a gang in its structure, as well as the process of women dropping out of a gang.

11

Wiktymologiczne i prawnokarne aspekty przemocy wobec osoby starszej

76%

Sitarz O., Jaworska-Wieloch A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2019

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issue XLI/2

205-252

EN

The article shows the problem of the rights of older people being violated, from a criminological, victimological, and normative perspective. The work includes international and national regulations of various branches of law. Above all, however, the focus is on criminal law regulations. Criminological research in Poland and worldwide related to the victimisation of older people was compared with the provisions of criminal law. Such a project was carried out to answer the question of whether current criminal law is an appropriate and adequate response to physical, psychological, sexual, and economic violence against the elderly, or whether it neglects and abandons them. The diagnosis of Polish legislative solutions determined by the authors does not lead to an optimistic thesis that the rights of these people are fully protected by criminal law. The particular vulnerability of older people to victimisation has not been sufficiently addressed by the legislature.

PL

Publikacja ukazuje problem naruszania praw osób starszych z perspektywy kryminologicznej, wiktymologicznej i normatywnej. W pracy uwzględniono międzynarodowe i krajowe regulacje różnych gałęzi prawa. Przede wszystkim jednak skoncentrowano się na regulacjach prawnokarnych. Wyniki światowych i polskich badań kryminologicznych związanych z wiktymizacją osób starszych skonfrontowane zostały z przepisami prawa karnego. Zabieg taki miał dać odpowiedź na pytanie, czy prawo karne stanowi właściwą i adekwatną reakcję na przemoc fizyczną, psychiczną, seksualną i ekonomiczną wobec osób w podeszłym wieku oraz zaniedbywanie ich i porzucanie. Postawiona przez autorki diagnoza polskich rozwiązań legislacyjnych nie pozwala na sformułowanie optymistycznej tezy, że prawa tych osób są w pełni chronione przepisami prawa karnego. Szczególna podatność osób starszych na wiktymizację nie została bowiem wystarczająco uwzględniona przez ustawodawcę.

12

Psychologie oběti (se zaměřením na oběti obchodování se ženami za účelem sexuálního vykořisťování)

75%

Jaroslava H.

Littera Scripta

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2009

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vol. 1

141-149

EN

The article presents matter of victim psychology. Victimology is the scientific study of victimization including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interaction between victims and the criminal system and the connections between victims and other societal groups and institution. The report is focused on the victims of trafficking in women for the purpose of sexual exploitation and on the victim personality, victim’s behaviour and psychological support.

13

Wykorzystanie seksualne dziecka. Wyniki Ogólnopolskiej diagnozy skali i uwarunkowań krzywdzenia dzieci.

75%

Izdebska A., Pilarczyk K.

Dziecko krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka

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2019

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vol. 18

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issue 3

68-97

PL

W artykule poddano analizie ustalenia badawcze Ogólnopolskiej diagnozy skali i uwarunkowań krzywdzenia dzieci dotyczące doświadczeń wykorzystania seksualnego w dzieciństwie. Deklaracje nastolatków w wieku 13–17 lat ujawniły, że 20% z nich padło ofiarą wykorzystania seksualnego bez kontaktu fizycznego, a 7% – z kontaktem fizycznym. Zdecydowanie częściej wykorzystanie seksualne było doświadczeniem dziewczyn (bez kontaktu fizycznego: 27%, z kontaktem fizycznym: 10%) niż chłopców (bez kontaktu fizycznego: 16%, z kontaktem fizycznym: 5%). Wyniki Diagnozy zestawiono z doniesieniami z pierwszej edycji badania z 2012 r. Analiza umożliwiła ponadto wyróżnienie czynników zwiększających ryzyko wystąpienia przemocy seksualnej (płeć, wiek, lokalizacja szkoły, nadużywanie alkoholu oraz choroba psychiczna osoby mieszkającej z dzieckiem). Wykazano również, że doświadczanie wybranych form przemocy seksualnej zwiększa szanse na wystąpienie zachowań samouszkadzających wśród młodzieży.

EN

The article examines the research findings of the National diagnosis of the scale and determinants of child abuse in Poland regarding the experience of child sexual abuse. Declarations by adolescents aged 13–17 revealed that 20% of them were victims of sexual abuse without physical contact and 7% of sexual abuse with physical contact. Much more often sexual abuse was the experience of girls (without physical contact: 27%; with physical contact: 10%) than boys (without physical contact: 16%; with physical contact: 5%). The results of the Diagnosis were compared with the reports from the first edition of this study from 2012. Analysis of the results of the study also made it possible to distinguish factors that increase the risk of sexual violence (gender, age, school location, alcohol abuse and mental illness of a person living with a child). It has also been shown that experiencing selected forms of sexual violence increases the chances of self-harming behavior among young people.

14

Šikana na pracovišti a právní ochrana zaměstnanců v České republice

75%

Cakirpaloglu P., Šmahaj J., Dobešová Cakirpaloglu S., Coufalová D.

Psychologie a její kontexty

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2016

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vol. 7

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issue 1

19-36

XX

Workplace bullying is a subtle manifestation of disturbed relationships in the working collective. This form of victimization of employees in the Czech Republic has, according to independent surveys, expanding dimensions. Empirical evidence generally tends to reveal the prevalence, forms and direction of aggression as well as numerous psychological, health and other consequences of victimization, especially in terms of various socio-demographic indicators. The presented study verifies extensive psychological survey on the sample of N = 3746 employees from the private, public and non-profit sectors in the Czech Republic, using a questionnaire of negative acts NAQ (Negative Act Questionnaire) and a status questionnaire. The research confirmed a 12, 14% prevalence of bullying in the workplace in the Czech Republic. There is a balanced representation of men and women in the incidence of bullying, while the highest rates of bullying are reported within the state sector. Victimization in the workplace affects mostly ordinary workers, aged around 42 years, with secondary or higher education. The Czech Republic has not yet made workplace bullying an illegal practise, especially in comparison with other industrialized countries, where since 1990, mobbing is considered a criminal offense. Existing laws in the Czech Republic also do not recognise the concept of mobbing or bossing and therefore do not define these concepts closer. The prohibition of bullying in the workplace necessarily derives from the general provisions of the Anti- Discrimination Act, of the Civil Code, the Labour Code and the laws arising from administrative law. Victims of workplace bullying also get protection by some provisions of the Criminal Code, which protects the victim from aggressor offenses. The relevant legal norm is intended to act as a social regulator, partly preventively in terms of taking measures for the successful identification and elimination of conditions of a possible victimization of employees, as well as their social support and care, and also subsequently, by penalties. Part of an effective prevention is to strengthen publicity and education of the employees as to the causes and consequences of mobbing, including information on how to recognize bullying in the workplace, how to fight it and which salute-

15

Partnerské násilí mezi studenty vysokých škol: genderové rozdíly v páchání a viktimizaci

75%

Paloušová V.

Česká kriminologie (Czech Criminology)

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2020

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vol. 5

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issue 2

1-23

EN

The article focuses on gender differences in perpetration and victimization in the area of intimate partner violence among university students through gender symmetry and reciprocity in violence analysis. Dataset comes from a pilot study supported by the Czech Science Foundation. The analysed sample included 312 students from 6 Czech universities. The results show that in comparison to Czech population the sample is specific in its higher prevalence of less sever violence and gender symmetry. Higher victimization was revealed within male population. The symmetry was also found at perpetration. The reciprocity was higher in cases of psychological violence compared to physical violence.

16

Wiktymizacja wtórna w postępowaniu przygotowawczym

75%

Kaczorkiewicz D.

Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa

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2021

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issue 11

285-297

EN

The aggrieved party may be aggrieved by the actions of the criminal proceedings. Amendments to the provisions of the procedural criminal law protect the rights of the aggrieved party.

PL

Pokrzywdzony może być poddany wiktymizacji poprzez prowadzenie z jego udziałem postępowania karnego. W efekcie nowelizacji przepisów prawa karnego procesowego, w tym ich dostosowywania do dyrektywy unijnej, coraz bardziej chronione są prawa pokrzywdzonego, m.in. do prywatności czy informacji.

17

International Crime Victim Survey ‘04/05: Polska na tle wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej

66%

Siemaszko A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

2008

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issue XXIX-XXX

169-192

18

Profil sprawcy, profil ofary. Przestępstwo współżycia z osobą małoletnią poniżej 15. roku życia

66%

Dziewanowska M.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

2012

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issue XXXIV

367-399

EN

The purpose of this article is to present results of an examination of judicial records of cases relating to the article 200 of Criminal Code in two judicial districts. It is essential to construct a profile of a perpetrator and a profile of a victim of this offense, particularly in those cases committed by young people. Also, if possible, to answer a question whether the present legal regulation is adequate to control minors’ sexual activity. Interesting issues are the age difference between the perpetrator and the victim, the existence (or not) of some close relation between them, and also the impact of those factors on the decision of a court. Equally important are reasons of reporting the cases to law enforcement, the basis for initiation of criminal proceedings and final sentences. The objective of this study was also to check whether the reduction of age of consent or the introduction of “close in age exception” would reduce the number of convicted young offenders, who were participants of consensual sexual relations with minors under 15 years old. The analysis of data obtained is carried out in the context of socio-cultural acceptance of sexual behavior of youth, legal regulations of protection of their reproductive health, the impact of media and information technologies, as well as the history of childhood and perception of children’s sexuality. Non-criminal-law factors have very significant impact on the knowledge young people have, on the sexual needs they have, and finally implementation of those in everyday life. This study is part of the doctoral thesis analyzing the problem of sexual offenses committed by or against minors, partly illustrating the phenomenon and the problems arising from the criminal law regulations of sexual behavior of young people. This research is not representative for the whole country, because of the limited geographical scope, but allows to draw relevant conclusions and confirm or deny previously constructed hypotheses. It is also possible to prediagnose emerging problems and to present the potential legal solutions, currently existing in other countries, both in Europe and worldwide.

19

Związki między wiktymizacją oraz ubóstwem i wykluczeniem społecznym

66%

Klaus W., Woźniakowska-Fajst D.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

2012

|

issue XXXIV

43-89

EN

Since the emergence of criminology as a science, one of the main problems taken up by criminologists was the relations between poverty and crime. Initially, the studies aimed to work out actions to prevent crime and to protect the rest of the society from the marginalized, the excluded and the poor. It was pointed out that that the group called the underclass was marked by criminal deeds of its members, alcohol abuse, family disruption, single parenting, dependence on social security, and physical abuse in families. Only until later, with the development of victimology, the other side started to be observed – the description of the underclass is true as much in the case of perpetrators as it is in the case of victims. It has been proved that poverty and marginalization are related to a higher risk of becoming a victim of a crime. In case of poverty and social exclusion, one can speak of a cause-effect relationship but undoubtedly this can work in both directions – poverty usually adds to social exclusion while social exclusion (particularly more severe, like e.g. ostracism) can lead to poverty. Already at the time of emergence of victimology it was observed that victimization does not concern all members of a society to the same degree. Some social groups become crime victims more often than others. Certain categories of people were recognized as particularly vulnerable to wrongful deeds. In 1947 Hans von Hentig drafted up the first categorisation of persons who were at an increased risk of victimization. It included particular categories of people whose psychological, physical, and behavioural features predispose them to the role of a victim. The author listed larger social groups (eg. young people or women) but also such groups which are included in the context of social exclusion today. He claimed that, among others, mentally ill, retarded, substance dependant are particularly vulnerable to victimisation because their limited perception of situation makes them an easier target to theft, con or fraud. He listed immigrants who are in cultural conflict and rejected by the majority as „aliens”, the poor, and people with emotional problems as all these weaknesses could be easily used by criminals. Other minorities faced similar problems. Social inequality touches upon them in a greater degree and this increases the risk of victimisation. Today, we speak of victimisation of minorities also in the context of prejudice-motivated crimes and the elderly are one of the most vulnerable groups. Benjamin Mendelsohn accented not individual features of victims but their behaviour in cer-tain situational context. According to the author, persons whose behaviour infringes principles of social co-existence and, as a consequence, who put themselves at risk of marginalization, are exactly those who can easily become victims. Living apart from the society and contrary to its rules after all influences the risk of victimization.

20

Badanie wiktymizacyjne studentów Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego : porównanie wyników z Ogólnopolskim badaniem wiktymizacyjnym

66%

Gajos N., Jachymowska N., Rymar K.

Biuletyn Kryminologiczny

|

2020

|

issue 27

109-119

EN

The subject of the article is to analyze the results of research conducted by members of the Criminological Research Club of the University of Warsaw. The study concerned the phenomenon of victimization among students of the University of Warsaw, understood as a process of becoming a victim as a result of experiencing a crime. The main aim of the research was to establish the number of students who had become victims of particular crimes. The essence of our research was also to obtain information from the respondents about whether the crime had been reported to the police, in order to determine how many crimes constitute the so-called ‘dark number’ of crimes. The research also included issues related to students’ sense of security inthe area where they live and their fear of particular types of crime. The research was conducted on a random sample of students from diﬀerent departments of the university, using a standardized questionnaire.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza wyników badania przeprowadzonego przez członków Kryminologicznego Koła Naukowego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Badanie to dotyczyło zjawiska wiktymizacji wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, rozumianego jako proces stawania się ofarą w wyniku popełnionego przestępstwa. Głównym celem badania było poznanie liczby studentów, którzy doświadczyli danego zjawiska oraz poznanie przestępstw, których studenci padali ofarami najczęściej. Prócz tego, chciałyśmy uzyskać od respondentów informację, czy dane zdarzenie zostało zgłoszone policji, w celu ustalenia rozmiarów tzw. ciemnej liczby przestępstw. W badaniu uwzględnione zostały również kwestie związane z poczuciem bezpieczeństwa studentów w okolicy miejsca ich zamieszkania oraz z odczuwaniem lęku przed poszczególnymi typami przestępstw. Badanie przeprowadzone zostało na losowej próbie studentów z różnych wydziałów uczelni z wykorzystaniem wystandaryzowanego kwestionariusza. The subject of the article is to analyze the results of research conducted by members of the Criminological Research Club of the University of Warsaw. The study concerned the phenomenon of victimization among students of the University of Warsaw, understood as a process of becoming a victim as a result of experiencing a crime. The main aim of the research was to establish the number of students who had become victims of particular crimes. The essence of our research was also to obtain information from the respondents about whether the crime had been reported to the police, in order to determine how many crimes constitute the so-called ‘dark number’ of crimes. The research also included issues related to students’ sense of security in the area where they live and their fear of particular types of crime. The research was conducted on a random sample of students from diﬀerent departments of the university, using a standardized questionnaire.

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