The text entitled Giving a voice by speaking about oneself. Daša Drndic’s fugues analyses relationships between narration method in Leica format novel, and identity concept along with world diagnosis presented in the text. Furthermore, a motif circulation between respective works of the Croatian writer and structural unity characterizing all her work is addressed. The aforementioned unity is connected to a special attention Drndic consistently pays to the “marked out” and excluded (immigrants, victims of scientific experiments, Jews, people without clear national identity in countries formed after the Yougoslavia collapse). Drndic adopts the role of an annalist of anonymous victims of history and simultaneously reminds about the duty of bearing testimony, which is a way of saving memory, and a proof of existence of nameless victims deprived of their place in history schoolbooks.
This article is concerned with the social and pedagogical role of the interactive theatre as a form of a preventive action in working with young people. Its functions, objectives, means and methods of work are described.
The article addresses the problem of people who were first executioners and later victims in Vladimir Zazubrin’s micro-novel Sliver. Although it was written in 1923, it wasn’t published until 1989, 52 years after the author’s death. He was arrested and then shot in 1937 in the time of terror. In Sliver, we can see the work of a checklist executioners, who mercilessly murders thousands of people, the victims of a totalitarian state. The article presents an attempt at an interpretation and analysis of Sliver, using the comparison of executioner’s and victim’s attitudes. The main character, Andrei Srubov, does his brutal work very thoroughly. However, everyday contact with his victim’s suffering and blood and the fear that arouses in him cause his madness. The executioner who has been killing class enemies of the Russian revolution becomes in the end its victim.
Nazistowska przeszłość rodziców jest jednym z tematów często podejmowanych we współczesnej literaturze niemieckiej. Nie da się od niej uciec, gdyż pewnego dnia i tak objawi się ona w życiu kolejnych pokoleń – takie jest przesłanie wydanej w 2001 roku noweli Thomasa Lehra Frühling (Wiosna). Głównym bohaterem tekstu jest syn, który odkrywa, że ojciec był kiedyś lekarzem obozowym w Dachau. Nie może poradzić sobie z tą wiedzą i popełnia samobójstwo. Książka Lehra jest refleksją nad życiem w cieniu przeszłości rodziców-sprawców, której ofiarami stają się ich własne dzieci, a zarazem wskazaniem, jak można się od tej przeszłości uwolnić.
EN
The Nazi past of family members is a recurrent theme in contemporary German literature. It cannot be easily forgotten, as it keeps resurfacing and influences the next generations. This is the central idea of Thomas Lehr’s novella Frühling (Spring), published in 2001. Its protagonist discovers that during World War II his father was a physician in the Dachau concentration camp. Devastated by this revelation, the son cannot cope with it and as a result commits suicide. Lehr’s book reflects upon the Nazi’s children and their life in the shadow of history. The story also points out how it is possible to cope with this haunting past.
This paper concerns the road Poland is on to introduce restorative justice procedures within its criminal justice system. The author describes the difficulties Poland has already overcome and is still facing. In addition, the paper shows the possible dangers we are not willing to see yet. The restorative justice procedures are introduced in the name of victims. They are aimed at observing the victims' rights and interests within the criminal justice system. Restorative justice is also to bring back the conflicts to their owners. The new developments are aimed at achieving this goal. The author discusses the invisible aspects which, if not diagnosed, named and prevented in time, can steal again the conflict from those most involved in it. It was once stolen by lawyers, judges and prosecutors who officially acted for the victims' good and support. Today, an identical process is possible with mediator taking the lawyers place.
Zasadniczym problemem badawczym, podejmowanym w niniejszej pracy, jest ukazanie możliwie najpełniejszego obrazu bezprawia Rosjan wobec Sióstr Boromeuszek po wkroczeniu Armii Czerwonej do Świebodzina pod koniec stycznia 1945 r. W szczególności analizie poddane zostały relacje naocznych świadków tragicznych wydarzeń. We wspomnieniach dominuje wstrząsający obraz okrucieństwa, który dotyczy niemieckich kobiet a jeszcze bardziej sióstr katolickich. Wkład badań ma wpływ na wyjaśnienie lokalnej historii, obalenie wielu mitów powstałych wokół ostatnich dni II wojny światowej fałszujących prawdę i ukazanie często bohaterskich postaw pokrzywdzonych. Ukazanie prawdy o ofiarach reżimu ma nie tylko ocalić od zapomnienia, ale winno mieć wpływ na kształtowanie postaw empatii wobec ofiar reżimu i jednocześnie wskazać na podejmowanie pełnej odpowiedzialności za swoje decyzje i czyny dla nas, ludzi współczesnych.
EN
The main research problem undertaken in this work is to show the whole possible picture of the lawlessness of the Russians against the Sisters of St. Borromeo after the Red Army entered Świebodzin at the end of January 1945. In particular, the reports of eyewitnesses to the tragic events were analyzed. The memories are dominated by a shocking picture of cruelty, which concerns German women especially Catholic sisters. The contribution of research influences the explanation of local history, the overthrow of many myths created around the last days of World War II falsifying the truth and showing the heroic attitudes of the victims. Presenting the truth about the victims of the regime is not only to save from oblivion, but it should also influence the attitudes of empathy towards the victims of the regime and at the same time point to taking full responsibility for their decisions and actions for us contemporary people.
Combining critical discourse analysis and the cognitive theory of metaphor, the study analyses hard news on Ebola from two American newspapers of a liberal political orientation, The New York Times and The New York Daily News, to investigate metaphoric representations of the disease and portrayals of its victims. It is revealed that both newspapers heavily rely on a single conceptual metaphor of EBOLA AS WAR, with only two alternative metaphors of EBOLA AS AN ANIMATE/HUMAN BEING and EBOLA AS A NATURAL CATASTROPHE employed. All three metaphoric themes assign the role of a culprit solely to the virus, which stands in contrast to non-metaphoric discursive allocations of blame for the situation in Africa, assigning responsibility mainly to man-made factors. African victims tend to be impersonalized and portrayed as voiceless and agentless, rarely occupying the role of a “fighter” in the military metaphoric representation of the disease, which runs counter to the findings of recent studies detecting a change towards a more positive image of Africa in the media. Both newspapers fail to represent infected ordinary Africans as sovereign agents, hindering readers from reflexively identifying with them.
The text analyses the thematization of a key phenomenon of 20th century history and the axis of post-war Jewish identity − the Holocaust/Shoah in the Czech lands with overlaps to Central Europe. In contrast to propositions of the well-known political scientist Pavel Barša (the Holocaust became the cornerstone of Jewish identity only at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s, when the State of Israel argued for it within its policy in regards to the occupied Arab territories and the moral category of innocent victim became crucial for Western mind-set), it tries to prove that the Holocaust, for which the Hebrew term Shoah is used in this case, became the pillar of Jewish identity already after the end of World War II. It was also at that time that the growing communist propaganda, which completely dominated the public space after the February coup (1948), began to use it for its own interests. In parallel, the treatise denies that the thematization of the Shoah/Holocaust was dominated by Jews as victims; in the post-war decades both minority Jewish and majority Czech representations worked with two categories: victims of racism and fighters against fascism, even though the communist representation (including the Jewish communists) from the beginning marginalized the Jewish resistance on the Western fronts and also the theme of the uniqueness of the Holocaust phenomenon.
Over the past decade, the fifty state legislatures of the United States have been adopting legislation for the benefit of the group of animals known as companion animals (pets). When considered together as a set, these laws create an initial set of legal rights for that group of animals. To explore that conclusion, the definition of a legal right and the particular statutes, such as new divorce laws, are considered.
The article discusses select literary images and presentations of March 1968, which are treated as an example of a postcatastrophic narration. The author states that the events of the years 1967-1968 are often depicted in Polish literature as a kind of a “recurring catastrophe” – predicting an event of the calibre of the Holocaust. Similarities and parallels can be noticed on the artistic level (ways of representation) and ideological (judgement of events). Consequently, the catastrophe does not fulfil its cathartic function and does not become a breakthrough, instead its characteristic features are repetitions and new configurations. Finally, the author asks whether, and to what extent, Polish remembrance of March overlaps with the remembrance of the Holocaust, and to what degree the struggle with anti-Semitism in 1967-1968 was simultaneously a struggle with anti-Semitism during WWII.
Artykuł odnosi się do etyki badań przemocy seksualnej. Zagadnienia te ujęte są w różnych kodeksach, ale ich rozproszenie oraz kierowanie do poszczególnych grup zawodowych powoduje brak szerszego ujęcia problemu. Stwierdzono, że nieetyczne jest rezygnowanie z podejmowania badań dotyczących przemocy seksualnej, ponieważ brak wniosków z rzetelnych diagnoz uniemożliwia niesienie skutecznej pomocy. Nieetyczne jest także realizowanie badań bez dokładnego respektowania zasad etycznych. Należy dołożyć wszelkich starań, aby osoby badane czuły się traktowane podmiotowo: udzielić pełnej i prawdziwej informacji o badaniu (celach, przedmiocie, przebiegu, zagrożeniach), zadbać o dobrowolną oraz świadomą zgodę, zagwarantować anonimowość badanych i poufność wypowiedzi, a także minimalizować ryzyko negatywnych skutków badania. Trzeba dążyć do osiągnięcia przez badanych korzyści: przerwania przemocy, uzyskania dostępu do informacji i interwencji. Organizujący badania są odpowiedzialni za współpracowników. Koniecznością jest przeprowadzenie selekcji kandydatów według przygotowania merytorycznego i kompetencji społecznych. Niezbędne jest stałe monitorowanie procesu badawczego i udzielanie wsparcia merytorycznego oraz psychologicznego ankieterom. Publikacja wyników musi gwarantować anonimowość respondentów i klarowne przedstawienie wyników, aby były one właściwie zinterpretowane przez odbiorców. Rekomenduje się poddawanie projektów badawczych ocenie komisji etycznej.
EN
The article describes the ethics of research on sexual violence. The aspects are studied upon in many codes, but due to the fact that they are dispersed in various articles and they are dedicated to particular professional groups, the problem is not studied on a greater scale. It was stated that it is unethical to give up research on sexual violence, as the lack of reliable research results prevents from bringing help. It is neither ethical to conduct research without respecting ethical rules. It is important to make effort to ensure participants that they are treated individually: they should be provided with full and true information concerning the research (its objectives, subject, course and risks); they should give their voluntary and conscious consent to participate; they should be assured of their anonymity and answers confidentiality; the risk of negative research consequences should be reduced to minimum. It is crucial to aim at positive research consequences - the end to violence, gaining access to information and prevention. Everyone who does research is responsible for their coworkers. It is indispensable to select candidates on the basis of their substantive preparation and social competences. It is also important to constantly monitor the research course and being supportive, including substantive and psychological help, towards research participants. The publication of results needs to guarantee respondents’ anonymity and clear way of presentation so that they are correctly interpreted by research audience. It is recommended to pass the research projects under the evaluation of ethics commissions.
The deportation - in German: Verschleppung - was a ‘taboo' for a long time. However, the works born since the change of regime provide an excellent and overall picture about this painful historical act. At the same time, it is desirable to get a more precise picture by examining the detailed history of the deportation in the case of the individual settlements. Merk and Valla), the Swabian settlements in the Szatmar region, in the eastern part of the country, lie on the periphery in several aspects. Still, considering the numerical proportion of their population, the most displaced persons were deported by the Soviets, as war criminals, from here in 1945 - a quarter of whom never saw their beloved ones and home country again. It is the particular tragedy of this fact that those deported were at least as much bound to their recipient country, the Hungarian nation, as to their German nationality. They are not criminals of war but victims of the war of racial discrimination. ‘Who will be responsible for these people suffering innocently?’ - puts the question Ferenc Juhasz, parish priest in Merk at that time. Giving an answer is the task of all of us. The paper seeks to explore a segment of the micro-texture of the country-wide, and even wider, regional trauma of this community, based on diary excerpts from the period as well as on individual, specialized literature research.
Around 30,000 citizens of pre-war Czechoslovakia were persecuted in the Soviet Union, at least 5.000 originated from Czech lands. One of the groups consist of the people who in the period of 1939-1942 sought refuge in the USSR from German or Hungarian Nazism, or who wanted to actively fight against it. They ended up in the Gulag, from which they were freed during an amnesty linked to the creation of a Czechoslovak unit in the USSR. Many were Czechoslovak Jews, including those who escaped from the Nazi concentration camp in Poland. Nisko, while thousands were inhabitants of Carpathian Ruthenia.
Artykuł stanowi teoretyczną analizę potencjalnej roli świadków cyberbullyingu w powstrzymywaniu aktów agresji poprzez udzielanie wsparcia ofiarom, dyscyplinowanie sprawców czy swoistą bierność. Wstępem do rozważań na temat możliwych działań świadków jest przedstawienie definicji i charakterystyki zjawiska cyberbullyingu oraz omówienie znaczenia aktywizacji świadków, jak również scharakteryzowanie specyficznej ich roli w kontekście agresji realizowanej online. Druga część artykułu poświęcona jest prezentacji wyników badań wybranych autorów uwzględniających obecność świadków w cyberbullyingu.
EN
The paper analyzes potential role of witnesses in moderating cyberbullying by supporting victims, disciplining the perpetrator, or being a bystander in the process of online aggressive behaviour. An introduction to the discussion about possible witnesses’ actions is describing the definition and characteristics of cyberbullying, highlighting importance of activating this group and characterizing their specific role in cyberbullying. The second part of the article focuses on the presentation of results of several studies concerning participation of witnesses.
According to official criminal statistics, a total of 36 registered forced labour crimes were committed in Hungary between 2013 and 2019. Forced labour (Section 193 of the Criminal Code) was a separate statutory element in Hungary between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2020. In 2019, nearly 40 forced labour cases were analysed, the sociological and criminological characteristics of which are summarised and shown in this article following the statistical review. Based on the cases we examined, it can be said that the victim has alcohol problems, is homeless and unemployed, is in extremely poor health condition, has a low intellectual level and is elderly. In terms of their gender, there was a significant number of men among the victims of forced labour. Victims of forced labour and those crimes that were committed against them are even more hidden, even more difficult to detect and to prove than are acts of sexual exploitation. These people are a ‘hidden population’, statuses such as ‘subtenants’ or ‘accepted relatives’ obviously do not reveal the real situation to police officers arriving on the scene. It is possible that this situation prevails for years and is not brought to the authorities. Jak podają oficjalne statystyki dotyczące przestępczości, w latach 2013-2016 na Węgrzech zarejestrowano 36 przestępstw związanych z pracą przymusową. W okresie od 1 lipca 2013 r. do 30 czerwca 2020 r. czyn ten był odrębnym przestępstwem uregulowanym w art. 193 węgierskiego kodeksu karnego. W niniejszym artykule zostały przedstawione wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz – statystycznej, jak i socjologiczno-kryminologicznej dotyczącej charakterystyki 40 przypadków ofiar pracy przymusowej. Na ich podstawie można stwierdzić, że ofiary tego rodzaju przestępstwa to osoby mające problem z alkoholem, bezdomne, bezrobotne, których stan zdrowia można określić jako zły, a poziom intelektualny jako niski. Zwykle to osoby w podeszłym wieku. Wśród ofiar przeważają mężczyźni. Ofiary pracy przymusowej trudno jest zidentyfikować, a popełnione przeciwko nim przestępstwa trudno wykryć. Jest to jeszcze trudniejsze niż w przypadku przestępstwa wykorzystania seksualnego. Ofiary pracy przymusowej stanowią bowiem „ukrytą” grupę. O ich faktycznej sytuacji trudno dowiedzieć się choćby funkcjonariuszom policji w trakcie interwencji na miejscu zdarzenia, a to z uwagi na fakt, że ofiary przedstawia się jako dalekich krewnych lub osoby podnajmujące mieszkanie. Niewykluczone, że sytuacje takie trwają wiele lat, a informacje o nich nie docierają do władz.
EN
According to official criminal statistics, a total of 36 registered forced labour crimes were committed in Hungary between 2013 and 2019. Forced labour (Section 193 of the Criminal Code) was a separate statutory element in Hungary between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2020. In 2019, nearly 40 forced labour cases were analysed, the sociological and criminological characteristics of which are summarised and shown in this article following the statistical review. Based on the cases we examined, it can be said that the victim has alcohol problems, is homeless and unemployed, is in extremely poor health condition, has a low intellectual level and is elderly. In terms of their gender, there was a significant number of men among the victims of forced labour. Victims of forced labour and those crimes that were committed against them are even more hidden, even more difficult to detect and to prove than are acts of sexual exploitation. These people are a ‘hidden population’, statuses such as ‘subtenants’ or ‘accepted relatives’ obviously do not reveal the real situation to police officers arriving on the scene. It is possible that this situation prevails for years and is not brought to the authorities.
Problem przestępstwa stalkingu na świecie nie traci na aktualności. Szybki rozwój nowych narzędzi komunikacji oraz internetu sprawił, że popełnianie przestępstwa uporczywego nękania staje się coraz łatwiejsze. Choć przeważająca część literatury koncentruje się na kobietach jako ofiarach stalkingu, to jednak – ze względu na ciągle zmieniające się role społeczne – spojrzenie na problem mężczyzn w tym zakresie jest niezbędne. Artykuł przedstawi zarys stalkingu w Polsce, kładąc akcent na mężczyzn jako ofiary tego zjawiska. Zostanie dokonana analiza czterech spraw sądowych, w których mężczyźni byli ofiarami stalkingu po związku. Autorka scharakteryzuje kobietę-sprawcę i mężczyznę-ofiarę, nakreśli motywy działania sprawcy oraz modus operandi. Przedstawione studium przypadków wykaże, że przebieg uporczywego nękania mężczyzn przez kobiety może być równie dotkliwy jak w przypadku stalkingu kobiet. Praca zostanie wzbogacona o odniesienia do badań międzynarodowych oraz rekomendacje dotyczące postrzegania kryminalizacji stalkingu.
EN
The problem of the crime of stalking around the world is still relevant. The rapid development of new communication tools and the Internet has made it easier than ever before to commit a crime of persistent harassment. Although most of the literature focuses on women as victims due to constantly changing social roles, it is essential to look at the male perspective in that area. The article presents the outline picture of stalking in Poland, emphasizing men as victims of this phenomenon. The paper presents an analysis of the four court cases in which men were victims of post-relationship stalking. It focuses on the female stalker and male victim characteristics, motives of the perpetrator, and modus operandi. The value of the case study shows that the course of persistent harassment of men by women can be just as severe as in female stalking. The paper is enriched with references to international researches and recommendations for adjusting the criminalization of stalking to the male perception of persistent harassment.
Prezentowany artykuł ukazuje przemoc w Kolumbii jako nieodłączną towarzyszkę historii tego kraju, a także wyjaśnia, w jaki sposób przekształciła się ona w ponad pięćdziesięcioletni konflikt zbrojny. Ta walka pomiędzy siłami zbrojnymi i policją z jednej a bojówkami i oddziałami paramilitarnymi z drugiej strony rozgrywała się w różnych miejscach, aż dotarła do biednych i marginalizowanych terenów Atrato. To tam doszło do masakry w Bojayá, jednego z najdrastyczniejszych epizodów we współczesnej historii Kolumbii, który pozostawił po sobie wielu zabitych, a także niezliczoną ilość bólu i rozdarcia. Jednakże pomimo ponurych prognoz ofiary tego wydarzenia zaczęły przezwyciężać swój strach i odzyskiwać sens życia. Ich tożsamość kulturowa nie pozwoliła im pozostawić zmarłych bez pochówku. Wówczas zdecydowali się walczyć o swe ideały. Dzięki badaniom naukowym oraz znaczeniu, jakie nadano ofiarom w publicznej i medialnej rzeczywistości Kolumbii, mieszkańcy Bojayá, tak emocjonalnie związani ze swymi tradycjami, mogli wreszcie odzyskać swój głos i tożsamość. Udało im się doprowadzić do ekshumowania i przewiezienia doczesnych szczątków członków ich wspólnoty do Medellín celem ich identyfikacji, a oni sami stanęli przed swoimi oprawcami i przed całym światem, by wykrzyczeć swój żal oraz opowiedzieć swoją historię, potępiając barbarzyństwo i domagając się lepszej przyszłości.
EN
This article demonstrates the violence in Colombia as a background to the historical events in the country and the way it led to the armed conflict which lasted for over the fifty years. This war continued, with the involvement of the Military Forces of Colombia, the police, the guerrilla and the paramilitary until it reached El Atrato, a very poor and vulnerable part of the country. That is where the massacre of Bojayá took place, one of the most violent acts in the recent history of Colombia. The outcome was a high rate of victims and countless number of stories full of pain and misery. However, the survivors, against all odds, started to overcome the fear and recover. In their culture abandoning the corpse was not accepted. In consequence, they started to fight for their ideals. The article focuses on the way the inhabitants of Bojayá regained their identity and their owning to strong bonds and traditions. It has been written based on academic research and on the leadership that the victims have achieved in the public and mass media field in Colombia. They managed to get the mortal remains of the members of their community exhumed and transferred to Medellin to be identified and, in front of their executioners and in front of the world, they sang their alabaos, they could tell their story that denounced the barbarism and demanded a better future.
This article presents the rights guaranteed by the Polish Constitution to the victims of human trafficking crime which include: the right to respect of human dignity, the right to court, the right to a fair trial, the right to privacy, the right of children to special care from the state, the right to freedom of expression, the right to free medical treatment.
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